Obstacles to Foreign Carmakers with the Expansion of the Market in Essay

Obstacles to Foreign Carmakers with the Expansion of the Market in Russia - Essay Example As people over there have already started buying cars compared to what the scenario was before, I think it is a good idea to give them more ideas by inviting the best of the best car makers to sell their variants. There are few obstacles which are faced by foreign car makers in Russia. For instance, those business accomplices who needed to put resources into Russia experienced certain issues like conflicting laws and terms, the absence of law authorization, boundless debasement, unusual natures domain, and wheel and deal transactions, does not give any particular assessment or import obligation help to remote investors. As most of the spare parts are locally made, there is a highly charged tax for imported parts. Russia’s domestic carmakers are facing fierce competitions from foreign counterparts as many local firms in other countries might do upon the arrivals of foreign firms. Do you think the strategies of Russia’s domestic carmakers will work? Why Ever since the arrival of foreign car makers in Russia, the domestic counterparts are facing a fierce challenge from them. The reason is the better offering offerings of model and features by those international cars. Till now the domestic car makers had the strategy of manufacturing low-cost cars for people to purchase the market for cars was not so developed over there. But now that there has been a rise in the economy and the people have higher disposable income, the trend has changed. The locals are looking forward to latest models and better features which is being offered by these foreign manufacturers. The domestic manufacturers also need to understand the requirement of the consumers and make cars with better features and  design to suit their needs.

Two Gentlemen of Verona Essay Example for Free

Two Gentlemen of Verona Essay William Shakespeare is an interesting character that just happened to be one of the best play writes of not only his time, but even today. He was born in the year 1564 and died in 1616. Though there are not many records of his personal life, from what there is, he lived a sort of scandalize life. Moving to London and leaving his wife, Anne Hathaway, behind to write plays, act, and, it is said, have affairs with men and women. He is often called Englands national poet and the Bard of Avon. Some people say that his earlier works were not so well written as his later plays, but he wrote about 38 plays in total and is said to have changed not only theater by his influences in other authors, but the English language as well. Though he wrote many good plays, one of his earlier plays, â€Å"Two Gentlemen of Verona† will be discussed in greater detail in this essay. Shakespeare, did many things for the first time in theater and his plays that no other other had done before him. One of his most obvious achievements include language. It is said that he had created about over 1700 of our common words by changing nouns into verbs, changing verbs into adjectives, connecting words never before used together, adding prefixes and suffixes, and making up words that are completely original. Language is a big part of theater. In many plays, as well as life, people play with worlds and sentence structures to portray many different types of emotions. In Two Gentlemen of Verona, many scenes were funnier because of the wordplay they used. For example, in Act III scene i. Speed, the servant of the main character Valentine, had asked Launce, the servant of Proteus, â€Å"How now Signior Launce, what news with your mastership? † Launce replied with, â€Å"With my mastership? Why, it is at sea. † Like many other parts in the book, this dialogue shows Shakespeare creativeness and wordplay. When Valentine asks about the â€Å"mastership† what he really is talking about is Proteus because he is Launces â€Å"master†. Proteus is â€Å"set out to see† because he left Verona, but it is also referring to the â€Å"ship† that Speed was joking about. Many other examples of this are in all of William Shakespeares plays; because it is in old English, it can sometimes be seen when acted easier than just read. In addition, all plays must have a character that has inner conflicts; Shakespeare figured out how to make soliloquies explore a characters inner motivations and conflict. Up until Shakespeare, soliloquies were often used by playwrights to introduce (characters), convey information, provide an exposition or reveal plans. This can probably be more more apparent in plays such as Hamlet, hi the big, and famous â€Å"To be, or not to be† soliloquy. Though, in Act I scene ii Julia, Proteus first love, has a soliloquy where shes does just that. It occurs right after she receives a love letter from her servant that Proteus had sent with his servant, Speed. Right before her soliloquy she had tared up the letter into pieces and kicked her servant out of the room. The first line in her soliloquy, â€Å"Oh hateful hands, to tear such loving words! † demonstrates how Shakespeares characters can show their inner motivations within their soliloquies. Though she had destroyed the letter, and acted as though she was annoyed by it and by her servant, her true motives, and inner feelings are revealed. Another influence William Shakespeare had in the culture of theater is the way that Shakespeare mixed tragedy and comedy together to create a new romantic tragedy genre. Before Shakespeare, romance had not been considered a worthy topic for tragedy. While this can be more easily seen in a play like Romeo and Juliet. Two Gentlemen of Verona is also a comedy that involves some romanticism and tragic events. For example, Proteus, character almost like Romeo, in Romeo and Juliet, is young and falls in love too easily. Like Romeo, Proteus falls in and out of love by the beauty of a woman versus her intellect, or thoughts. Though it is a comedy, some traumatic events occur towards the end cause by love and the betrayal. Proteus falls out of love with Julia, and in love with Sylvia. The flip to this story is that Sylvia was supposed to get married to Valentine, which is Proteus best friend. Proteus betrays Valentine and gets him kicked out of the city. He then attempts to rape Sylvia because she refused to give in to someone that will betray their own best friend by in such a way. The play, Two Gentlemen of Verona, has a shocking ending that seems like it could have many different meanings. The scene begins with Valentine sitting alone in a bush where he hears that Proteus, Sylvia, and Julia (disguised as Sebastian) enter the forest scene. Proteus tells Sylvia that she should be thankful that he had saved her from the â€Å"outlaws†, but Sylvias love for Valentine and hatred for Proteus to betray his friend is too strong. When Proteus is about to rape Julia, Valentine jumps out and stops him. In the end, Julia reveals who she is and the Thurio, the man who was supposed to marry Sylvia from the beginning, enters the scene saying that he will not marry Sylvia because he never really loved her. When Proteus decides he does loves Julia after all, the Duke, Sylvias father, says both men will get married on the same day to both women. This scene proves Federico Garcia Lorcas view that â€Å"the theater is a school of pain and laughter, a free tribunal where we can question norms that are outmoded or mistaken and explain with living examples the eternal norms of the human heart. The whole play involves pain and laughter, in this comedy, we as the audience laugh at Proteus thinking that he loves any girl that is beautiful. Though we laugh at it, there are other mixtures of pain and laughter. It is comical that Valentine, such a noble man, is hiding in the bushes waiting for his best friend to do something bad to his girlfriend; Julia is dressed as a man and no one can see it, but at the same time she is in pain because the love of her life is about to rape someone else; and there is more pain and laughter irony in this one scene. It is definitely a â€Å"tribunal where we can question norms that are outmoded† because the Duke comes into the scene unexpectedly and lets the two men get married without asking the women. This is an outmoded norm that men are superior to women, and men do not need to ask the women permission or what they would like. What if Julia no longer wanted to marry Proteus after all she saw? What if Sylvia did not want to get married on the same day of the man who tried to rape her. The norms can also be â€Å"mistaken† because there is a line where Valentine forgives Proteus for almost raping his lover and he concludes by saying, â€Å"All that was mine in Sylvia I give thee† (Act V, Scene iiii). This line, among many others, is up to interpretation. The line could mean that Valentine decided to give away Sylvia to Valentine in the end, or it could mean something completely different and the audience could be â€Å"mistaking† Shakespeares meaning of what is said. The finale, everyone getting married, shows â€Å"the eternal norms of the human heart†, even in Shakespeare’s time a happy ending is seems more complete. The audience in that time, and today would rather hear that everything resolved in the end for these characters. Although some people may argue that Shakespeares plays were not so well writen in the beginning of his career, there can be much said about his earlier plays like The Two Gentlemen of Verona. It is also clear that Shakespeare has changed and influenced theater greatly. He had changed various things like the English language, characters development within soliloquies, and even created new genres. There can be so much to be said about all his novels, in one scene, like the one above there can be much to debate, laugh, and feel pain about. In this on scene proved Federico Garcia Lorcas quote about theater to be true. If analyzing another scene, the same could be said.

Memory :: essays research papers

â€Å"Can our memories be described as accurate? Why or why not? What important implications might this have for our lives?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Memory is the tool we use to learn and think. We all use memory in our everyday lives. Memory is the mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experiences. We all reassure ourselves that our memories are accurate and precise. Many people believe that they would be able to remember anything from the event and the different features of the situation. Yet, people don’t realize the fact that the more you think about a situation the more likely the story will change. Our memories are not a camcorder or a camera. Our memory tends to be very selective and reconstructive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eyewitness testimony is especially vulnerable to error when the question is misleading or when there’s a difference in ethnicity. However, using an eyewitness as a source of evidence can be risky and is rarely 100% accurate. This can be proven by the theory of the possibility of false memory formation and the question of whether or not a memory can lie. For instance, a group of students saw the face of a young man with straight hair, then heard a description of the face supposedly written by another witness, one that wrongly mentioned light, curly hair. When they reconstructed the face using a kit of facial features, a third of their reconstructions contained the misleading detail, whereas only 5 percent contained it when curly hair was not mentioned (Page 359). This situation shows how misleading information from other sources can be profoundly altered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children’s memories are easier to confuse as those of adults. For many years most adults believed that children’s memories could not be trusted because children tend to confuse reality with their fantasies. Children just as adults can be accurate in what they report and they also like adult can distort, forget, fantasize, and be misled. As research show, their memories processes are only human. All I know is that I wouldn’t like to be accused by a group of children or students. It’s not quite as reliable as you may have hoped a memory would be.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Explicit memory is a conscious, recollection of an event or an item of information. It is usually measured using recall or recognition methods. Recalling has the ability to retrieve and reproduce information. Recognizing has the ability to identify information you have previously learned, read, or heard about.

Oedipus Who’s fault was it? Essay

Who’s Fault Was It? If one were to look for an individual to blame in the tale of Oedipus many characters would stand out. Assigning fault on Just one character of this story would be challenging since almost every character is trying to cheat fate. If there was really one character that could have prevented all this tragic Father killing and Mother â€Å"loving† who would it be? The story spirals on in a whirlwind of destiny with each step taken by all characters to avoid an impending fate and leading to an even more imminent and closer step to the final tragic outcome. One could look to the beginning, the exact point where King Laois seeks an audience with the Oracle of Delphi to learn his future. The question to ask is if the oracles prophecy had never been spoken would the chain of events have taken place causing King Laios to fear his own son and send him away to die. Laois being so curious of his destiny could have avoided his own death had he not learned the prophecy and tried so hard to avoid it. If Oedipus had been raised by his biological parents the probability that he would ave killed his father and marry his mother might have decreased. When taken away to be destroyed the herdsman responsible for leaving baby Oedipus to the elemenst did not have the resolution to complete the task. Instead he gave Oedipus toa messenger in the hopes that he would take the infant to a faraway land and no one would ever know that Oedipus had not perished as ordered. If Oedipus had died as an infant then the prophecy would never come true and Laios’s death would have been prevented. Oedipus was received by a childless King and Queen to raise as heir own. King Polybus and Queen Merope loved Oedipus very much and did not tell him that he was not their biological child. Rumors did circulate about Oedipus’s true parentage so he decided to visit the oracle and learn the truth. Instead of hearing that his parents were not truly his he learned that he would kill his father and marry his mother. The oracle did not mention that Polybus and Merope were not his biological parents so in fear of the foretold prophecy Oedipus flees from his home and travels far away in hopes of avoiding his proclaimed fate. Upon fleeing from his home to evade such a gruesome outcome, Oedipus meets a group of men at a crossroads. The carriage driver tries to push Oedipus off the road. In a rage most likely exasperated by the news of his learned prophecy Oedipus kill most of the men in the caravan. Unbeknownst to him he had Just completed the first part of his prophecy. He had killed his biological father King Laois. In an attempt to sidestep fate Oedipus actually makes it come true. When Oedipus arrives at Thebes he defeats the riddle of the Sphinx there in saving the city. This makes Oedipus a hero and by becoming the savior of the city he ends up marrying Jokosta, a newly widowed Queen. It makes sense that a city without a King would wish that their new hero would become their new leader. Oedipus doesn’t realize that he has Just married his biological mother. He lives for years with her thinking he has successfully avoided the prophecy yet in reality ne nas completed the prophecy by marring his own mother and killing his father. Many aspects happened in this story that causes

Cell Phone Should Be Banned in High School

Hussein Hmood ENG, 1101 Mrs. Myers Cell Phone should be banned in high school When I was in high school, I saw many students in school using cell phones. The students were supposed to come to school to learn, but instead they were texting. I was one of those students. I did not pay attention in class and my grades began to drop. Finally my parents took my cell phone away, and my grades started to go up; from personal experience, I know cell phones should be banned in high school. Cell phones distraction in class.Student would be texting each other or playing with their cell phone instead of listening and paying attention to the teacher. Jesse Scccia English teacher from New York said â€Å"when I was teaching, all too often I turned around from writing something on the blackboard to find students text messaging or otherwise playing with their phones. † When student playing with their cell phone and texting each other they are not listing or learning anything, which mean they w asting the teacher time by not paying attention to the teacher and playing with their cell phone.Cell phone in classroom effect teachers teaching in class, when a teacher trying to teach in class and student be listing to music, texting, playing games or watching movies in the internet. Eventually, the teacher notices and warns them that their phones will be confiscated. The phones disappear with reluctant obedience until the next opportunity arises to surreptitiously pull them out again. By doing that the teacher going to be distracted from teach by having to tell students to stop playing with their phones.When the teacher think about the student playing with their cellphone the quality of teaching going to go dawn because the teacher going to keep thinking some student playing with their phone the teacher going to keep to turn around trying to find the once that using their cellphone. cell phones can cause cheating by students by looking up answers during test and quizzes. For exa mple, one of the students during class sends answers to his friends and it continued to other students cell phones are causing problem for others students because not cheating students work hard and those cheating ruin integrity of the class.Although all parents do not agree about cell phone use hurts students. The New York time had an article that said, â€Å"If my children are not allowed to keep their phones during the school day off and in their backpack or lockers the school is governing my parenting and children’s behavior during non-school time the school has no such right. † However, these parents are incorrect, and are somewhat helping the cheating continue.These parents who feel their child should be allowed to keep his/ her phone clearly do not understand how it is hurting a child’s education. Mobile phones can cause a distraction. They can disturb teachers and students. For example, if I was working hard on a piece of work, trying to concentrating, a nd a student’s phone rings, it disrupts the whole class. I may become side-tracked or the teacher may be interrupted during speaking to the class. Teaching would be constantly disrupted if this kept happening.Education standards would deteriorate. Looking then at long term effects, if this was happening every day, you would be wasting five minutes a day, so nearly half an hour a week, and so that would be over ten hours a year of disruption. Also, mobile phones provide a large temptation to cheat in tests. They can communicate to almost anywhere and anyone in the world. Because they are small, students can quietly and discreetly send a text and it can go unnoticed. You got to school to learn, not to waste time playing games or cheating in tests.

How to Make Instant Snow From Boiling Water

How to Make Instant Snow From Boiling Water You probably know that you can make snow using a pressure washer. But did you know that you can also make snow from boiling water?  Snow, after all, is literally precipitation that falls as frozen water, and boiling water is water that is on the verge of becoming water vapor. Its incredibly easy to make instant snow from boiling water. All you have to do is follow the steps below. Materials You only need two things to turn boiling water into snow: Freshly boiled waterReally cold outdoor temperatures, around -30 degrees Fahrenheit The Snow-Making Process Simply boil the water, go outside and  brave the frigid temperatures, and toss a cupful or pot of boiling water into the air. Its important that the water be as close to boiling and the outside air be as cold as possible. The effect is less spectacular or wont work if the water temperature drops below 200 degrees Fahrenheit or if the air temperature climbs above -25 degrees Fahrenheit. Be safe and protect your hands from splashes. Also, dont throw the water at people. If it is sufficiently cold, there shouldnt be a problem, but if your concept of the temperature is mistaken, you could end up causing a dangerous accident. Always be careful when handling boiling water. How It Works Boiling water is water that is at the point of changing from a liquid into water vapor. Boiling water has the same vapor pressure as the air around it, so it has plenty of surface area to  expose to a freezing temperature. The large surface area means its much easier to freeze the water than if it were a liquid ball. This is why it is easier to freeze a thin layer of water than a thick  sheet of water. Its also the reason youd freeze to death more slowly curled up into a ball than if you were to lie spread eagle in the snow. What to Expect If you want to see boiling water turn into snow before you attempt this experiment, you can view a demonstration on the Weather Channel. The video shows a person holding a pot of boiling water and then tossing the scalding liquid into the air. An instant later youll see a cloud of snow crystals falling to the ground. I could watch this all day, the announcer says as she introduces the video, which was shot at  Mount Washington, New Hampshire, the highest mountain in New England. The announcer notes before the video begins that the snow-making folks actually performed the experiment three times- once with a measuring cup, once with a mug, and once with a pot (which is the effort captured in the video). Ideal Conditions In the demonstration video, the temperature of the water was 200 degrees Fahrenheit, and the temperature outside was a frosty -34.8 degrees. The experimenters said that they had diminished success when the water temperature dropped below 200 degrees and when the outside temperature rose above -25 degrees. Of course, if you dont want to go through all of this, and you still want to make snow- or if the temperature outside  is just too warm- you can  make  fake snow  using a common polymer while staying warm and toasty indoors.

Moral and Legal Issues Concering Capital Punishment essays

Moral and Legal Issues Concering Capital Punishment essays 1. The main arguments David Gelernter makes related to the issue of capital punishment are focused in fact on the idea of strict justice and absolute equality between deeds. In this sense, he is the supporter of a certain sense of divine justice which at times must be made with a human hand. However, he questions the validity of the the actual act of the death penalty taking into account the fact that this punishment is in fact an arbitrary solution. In this sense, he asks himself in relation to a particular situation, but in fact under a general tone Why did we execute the penitent and spare the impenitent? (Gelernter, 1998). Therefore, he sets the question in relation to the actual fairness of the decisions taken when the issue of capital punishment is discussed. More precisely, he argues that indeed, the idea of divine justice is the actual engine which should drive the behavior of the individuals. At the same time however, there are situations in which mistakes are made and innoc ent or at least less guilty individuals suffer. At the same time, Gelernter argues the issue of the human nature. In this sense, he considers that indeed a murdered must be punished. At the same time however, it is rather hard to consider that murderous acts will eventually stop as every crime is answered with a crime. More precisely, he underlines the fact that generally speaking the capital punishment represents a useful punishment if we were a community in which murder was a shocking anomaly and thus in effect a solved problem. But we are not. Our big cities are full of murderers at large (Gelernter, 1998). Therefore, although Gelernter argues that the capital punishment is a communal and somewhat justifiable answer to a crime, it is not effective for the task it is set up to undertake. His arguments are not convincingly in favor of the capital punishment because although we may consider talionlis lex as justifiable, we can...

Out Now The PrepScholar Guide to ACT Science Book!

Out Now The PrepScholar Guide to ACT Science Book! SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you struggle with ACT Science? You’re not alone! Science is often the ACT section students feel least comfortable with because it’s so different from the science exams you take in school. Despite this,there are very few books specifically dedicated to ACT Science. At PrepScholar, we decided to use our expert ACT knowledge to fix that.The PrepScholar Guide to ACT Science is the book for students wanting to understand and ace ACT Science. It gives an in-depth analysis of the Science section and explains why students find it so tricky. It also analyzes every single type of passage and question you’ll see on ACT Science so that nothing will be a surprise on test day. By the end of the book, you’ll know all the tricks exam makers use to try to make students select the wrong answer, and you’ll be able to see through every one of them.This book will also walk you through the fastest and most effective way to study for the Science section. Instead of try ing to cram all the science information you learned in school, we give you a short list of every science fact you could be tested on in ACT Science. They contain the only science facts you need to know, so you can put your textbooks down and focus on studying smarter, not harder. We also explain multiple ways to read and attack Science passages so you can choose the strategy that gets you your highest score. Finally, all of these insights include high-quality sample problems and explanations throughout the book so you can understand how to use these skills on real ACT Science questions. You can buy the book on Amazon in either ebook or paper form. If you find it helpful consider leaving a review or sharing it with a friend!

AQ-TD#1 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AQ-TD#1 8 - Essay Example Influence can be generated through trustworthiness, competence and credibility. By influencing the other nurses, an advocate can build a case for the needed change (Almidei, 2010). Additionally, it is vital to establish positive, cooperative relationships with the other nurses in order to have them in the advocacy. Collaboration would allow the advocate to share a common goal with the other nurses. With this, the advocate would include the other nurses by involving them in the development of the common goals and strategies on how to attain the desired change (Almidei, 2010). Arguably, developing a collaborative relationship with nurses in other departments would make a valuable contribution. However, collaboration would be effective with communication to the other nurses. In essence, advocacy depends on communication. In order to bring the other nurses to share with the advocacy, an advocate would require to communicate the issue to the other nurses in order to convince them to join him or her (Mason et al., 2011). This would serve as a way of including other nurses in the

Ryan Air case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ryan Air case study - Essay Example This antagonism caused criticism from the industry tarnished the image of the organisation (Using TOWS Matrix, 2009; Case Study). The threat of substitute transportation and the entry of other competitors who could deliver better the gaps that Ryan Air left behind, along with its failure to rectify its weak spots and problematic areas could propel the company to face some serious problems in the future. But then again, the continuous expansion of EU and the burgeoning of the budget sector seeking low cost services provided excellent opportunities for further expansion and rapid growth. Using Porter’s Five Forces, the rivalry within the industry is very high. This is characterized by the number of competitors servicing the same market within EU with easyJet, AirBerlin, Aer Lingus, FlyBe among others not to mention the long haul carriers (Appendix). On the other hand, both the threat of potential entrants and the threat of substitutes are within the medium range. Barrier to entry is high because of the low cost strategy but switching cost of the customers is low. Terrorism threat which required stricter rules in airport which resulted to additional inconveniences could drive customers to switch to trains while the rising popularity of low fuel consumption cars posed as substitute threats to airlines with short haul service (Case Study). The bargaining power of buyers is on the medium scale as switching cost is low. Because of the size of the market, customers could also easily choose which type of service to avail depending on needs and preferences. At the other end, the bargaining power of suppliers’ ranges from medium to high depending on given scenario. It is especially high with regard to fuel suppliers as petroleum prices are dictated by the world market (Hunger and Wheelen, 1996). Ryan Air’s competitive positioning was based on capturing a segment of the market, focusing on it with a strong

MANAGING DECISIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MANAGING DECISIONS - Essay Example It is with this, that they came up with goals in which they strive to achieve. Tap helps to introduce children to the rhythm and music; it was first introduced in African American dance and named, Juba or Irish Step-Dancing and thought to have taken roots since 1800 when minstrel shows were taking course. Later in 2008, it was started by Rachael when she relocated to Greenwich from Islington after taking a career as a professional dancer. Her aim was to establish the benefits to creative and independent children. The school attracts customers by offering the first free lesson for starters, this works as an encouragement where those who really have the urge to cut down calories voluntarily get encouraged and start the exercises as soon as they get time. Povaly (2007), stated that for old members, the organization charges four weekly, where each day, people pay different rates like, they begin their classes with Tots Tap among the three year olds, where children are first taught how to count music and hold a beat, after gaining this skills, they are then taken to the next step of pre-primary tap. By this time the organization targets the school going child. With goals at hand and support from her clients, Rachael has transformed and brought in new styles of teaching which have integrated dance, music and methods that build on her past experience when she was working with major bodies of dancing in the United States. She has also worked to incorporate her styles with that of the British Ballet Organization, so as to make sure as the groups develop; they are able to work in accredited recognition of their development. The mentioned factor of the growing market is due to the merits the organization is striving to give its clients. An example is where, for starters, they are allowed free services for that day, and then the subsequent days of the week, they are charged at

Public Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Public Law - Essay Example In United States, the Supreme Court argued that those penalized for lifetime imprisonment, are maybe disenfranchised for failing to exercise their right to vote, but that remain part of the punitive measures. 2 Karlan (2002), like other advocate, contend that â€Å"lifetime disenfranchisement as a punishment is extremely disproportionate to the offenses for which it often imposed.† 3 To some extent, this view was reverberated in the controversial case Hirst v UK 20054, where a felon raised a question of law in the international court and assailed that UK’s electoral policy is in conflict to international human rights standards and to universally adopted principles for total rehabilitation or reformation of felons. 5 1. Hirst: Rising for his rights Hirst6 was penalized for lifetime imprisonment in 1980 for the commission of manslaughter based on medical evidences presented for adjudication. His tariff expired in 1994 but he remained in detention because the Parole Board considered him dangerous. Barred to vote under Representation of the People Act 1983 as a felon, he challenged the law based on Human Rights Act 1998 and argued that the provision prohibiting him to exercise his right to suffrage is contrary to European Convention on Human Rights. However, at the Divisional Court in 2001, Lord Justice Kennedy7 decided that prisoners forfeited the right to participate in political affairs for his country because â€Å"removal from society means removal from the privileges of society†. 8 Such incarceration and subsequent depravity of practicing his civil rights, particularly the right to vote, is also practiced in Europe, western countries and in other democratic Asian nations. In UK, this policy take its historic root from Section 4 of the Representation of the People Act 1969 that was substantially inspired by Forfeiture Act 1870, a law that impose â€Å"civic death† for convicted criminals. 9 True, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) stipulated the protection of every citizen for opportunity regardless of distinction and to participate in the conduct of public affairs including election. But on the same context, the populace is also legally protected for security, an inherent right for self- preservation from harm and against dangerous and convicted criminals. This indeed demand advocates to imperatively balance the appreciation of rights. For while prisoners, deprived of liberty, are treated humanely with his inherent dignity as a person, but his other civil rights are temporarily curtailed with the intent of rehabilitating and reforming him from grievous offense until he will be mainstream back to the society after completing his sentence.† 10 Inside the penology’s confines, a felon may require expert therapy to diagnose his problems and needs, inclusive of psychological, spiritual and medical aspects while in the process of reformation. 11 Clearly, it is the intent of the state to penalize a convicted felon by suspending some of his civil rights to reform him but legal luminaries

Strategic Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic Leadership - Essay Example From the above definition or explanation, real strategic leadership therefore means taking responsibility for the future but not forgetting what is happening today. It involves creativity, planning, and intuition to help reach desired and set goals. This form of leadership contains aspects of direct and organization leadership but the difference leis in the fact that strategic leadership affects more people, commits more resources and has wider-ranging consequences in both space and time. Thus making it of prime importance when it comes to the success of businesses or organizations. The very first is that strategic leadership encourages and promotes feedback. He explains strategically led companies depend on free flow of information and opinion and given the fact that a company is a complex, self-organizing and self-correcting system, any breach in feedback loops will be a threat to the company and this will affect growth. In other words communication, free discussions between all levels within and without the organization is a necessity. This will encourage intergrity, identity and focus. Secondly strategic leadership encourages and promotes loyalty and prevents powers struggle. According to Christensen man is a territorial and hierarchical being. He defines his territory, defends it and esteems it above all. When he finds himself in a context where a common strategy is not defined and communicated to him, he will struggle to protect his personal interests at the expense of the company. Common strategy therefore must be defined and communicated to the entire staff so as to motivate them to perform and fight for the interest of the company against competitors. He goes further to say strategic leadership is important for organizations and businesses because it defines processes and patterns. In the absence of this power struggles, bureaucracy, demotivation and wasted time could result. The tasks and

Public Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Public Law - Essay Example In United States, the Supreme Court argued that those penalized for lifetime imprisonment, are maybe disenfranchised for failing to exercise their right to vote, but that remain part of the punitive measures. 2 Karlan (2002), like other advocate, contend that â€Å"lifetime disenfranchisement as a punishment is extremely disproportionate to the offenses for which it often imposed.† 3 To some extent, this view was reverberated in the controversial case Hirst v UK 20054, where a felon raised a question of law in the international court and assailed that UK’s electoral policy is in conflict to international human rights standards and to universally adopted principles for total rehabilitation or reformation of felons. 5 1. Hirst: Rising for his rights Hirst6 was penalized for lifetime imprisonment in 1980 for the commission of manslaughter based on medical evidences presented for adjudication. His tariff expired in 1994 but he remained in detention because the Parole Board considered him dangerous. Barred to vote under Representation of the People Act 1983 as a felon, he challenged the law based on Human Rights Act 1998 and argued that the provision prohibiting him to exercise his right to suffrage is contrary to European Convention on Human Rights. However, at the Divisional Court in 2001, Lord Justice Kennedy7 decided that prisoners forfeited the right to participate in political affairs for his country because â€Å"removal from society means removal from the privileges of society†. 8 Such incarceration and subsequent depravity of practicing his civil rights, particularly the right to vote, is also practiced in Europe, western countries and in other democratic Asian nations. In UK, this policy take its historic root from Section 4 of the Representation of the People Act 1969 that was substantially inspired by Forfeiture Act 1870, a law that impose â€Å"civic death† for convicted criminals. 9 True, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) stipulated the protection of every citizen for opportunity regardless of distinction and to participate in the conduct of public affairs including election. But on the same context, the populace is also legally protected for security, an inherent right for self- preservation from harm and against dangerous and convicted criminals. This indeed demand advocates to imperatively balance the appreciation of rights. For while prisoners, deprived of liberty, are treated humanely with his inherent dignity as a person, but his other civil rights are temporarily curtailed with the intent of rehabilitating and reforming him from grievous offense until he will be mainstream back to the society after completing his sentence.† 10 Inside the penology’s confines, a felon may require expert therapy to diagnose his problems and needs, inclusive of psychological, spiritual and medical aspects while in the process of reformation. 11 Clearly, it is the intent of the state to penalize a convicted felon by suspending some of his civil rights to reform him but legal luminaries

Model for Morality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Model for Morality - Essay Example In the Kantian approach to ethics and morality, the ultimate identifier of a ‘good action’ is one that is performed out of ‘duty’ with no other ulterior motive. This becomes a means of a means of rewarding or punishing the individual for performing the action. In this case, duty is the ulterior motive because it accords the individual the opportunity to adopt his own morality. Although Kant was not the first individual to support such an approach to morality and ethics, he was among the first to make such a move. He also passed it along as a moral code of ethics arguing it could be applied universally. This universality of Kantian morality serves as the hallmarks of defining the forms of ethical and moral approaches that have been far been studied. This universality is born out of an understanding that the main guiding precept that defines goodness is duty. This is the duty of maintaining law in society and upholding virtues such as honesty, respect and obed ience. Kant describes it as not necessarily born out of an imprint of Godliness upon the hearts of mankind but out of the universality of reason. This helps to develop moral and ethical approaches to the many situations that greet the individual within his/her daily life (Robert et al, 2011, p. 119). Additionally, Kantian morality and ethics take the approach that God is exhibited through reason and rationality hence presents within the human duties. It, therefore, ultimately leads an individual to perform a moral act for the sake of duty itself. As a means to further this moral approach, Kant argues that the ‘good of humanity’ in itself is sufficient enough a cause for encouraging the application of duty upon any given situation. Good humanity in this case means remarkable values and virtues that define the morality of individuals. Ultimately, this strike at the motivation for action, which itself Kant is able to trace back to a type of humanism that seeks to improve a nd reform the lives of others. It also encourages the good of humanity in general as a means of revealing a better and noble world full of duty. Similarly, the ultimate expression of goodness through the unconscious and conscious acts of duty influences the individual who aspires for such an approach. Conversely, the analysis of the theory demonstrates several levels of weaknesses that raise questions in the reader’s mind with regards to how effective such an approach would ultimately be in the universal practice (Robert et al, 2011, p. 123). This is effective in terms guiding the individual toward reforming his weaknesses and concentrating on his strengths for universal renewal. Although it is laudable to seek to divorce self-interest from moral actions for neutrality and integrity, it

Are many of lufthansas challenges identified Essay Example for Free

Are many of lufthansas challenges identified Essay Are many of lufthansas challenges identified in the case similar to those being experienced by other businesses in todays global economy? By iJazwahid RWC 2: Lufthansa: Taking Mobile Computing to the Skies While Keeping the Mobile Workforce Connected 1 . Are many of Lufthansas challenges identifies in the case similar to those being experienced by other businesses in todays global economy? Explain and provide some examples? While the specifics of each challenge are particular to Lufthansas situation, many are hared by other global organizations. Examples could include: Provide a mobile workforce with equipment that fits their needs while it does not get in the way of accomplishing their objectives (not only technical specifications, but also upgrades and updates, stability, etc) Distribute training and other non-directly value-adding activities during non-productive periods both to maximize efficiency and reduce downtime Provide adequate support to mobile operations while keeping a tight lid n cost and being able to Justify the investment Redefine processes to accommodate new mobile technologies and needs of a distributed workforce including communication, meeting and decision making practices 2. What other tangible and intangible benefits, beyond those identified by Lufthansa, might a mobile workforce enjoy as a result of deploying mobile technologies. Explain. Examples could include: Increased, all-around, communication, both with the organization and with personal relationships (family, friends, etc). Especially important for a highly mobile workforce such as airline pilots. Remote access to corporate applications, important since increasingly more of the employees interaction is self-managed (payroll systems, expense reports, etc. ) More productive time spent at customer locations and streamlined order taking and processing Ability to timely collect and report data on the competitive environment, both for the own organization and competitors (prices, volume, advertising, etc)

Analysing The Compatibility Of Islam And Democracy Politics Essay

Analysing The Compatibility Of Islam And Democracy Politics Essay This chapter presents the arguments for and against the compatibility of Islam and democracy, not to Islamic states specifically per se but more to Muslim-majority states as a whole. By doing so, it encompasses the wide range of arguments that scholars have made on the issue and shows clearly what makes it possible for Islam and democracy to be compatible and what does not. Taking these arguments into consideration, this chapter then puts it into context for Islamic states and analyzes if it is possible for them to be democratic without essentially loosing what makes it an Islamic state. The relationship between Islam and democracy, its compatibility and the issue of the democratic deficit in the Muslim world is one that has been put in the spotlight especially after the catastrophe and repercussions of September 11 (Hasan 2007: 10) as well as the sustained potency of Islamic revivalism and the rise in involvement of Islamic movements in electoral politics (Esposito Piscatori 1991: 428). Although not all hope is lost for the Muslim world as there are Muslim-majority states such as Indonesia and Turkey that are recognized as democracies, there is still the problem of the non-existence of democratic Islamic states and that the majority of the Muslim world remains undemocratic. The relationship that Islam and democracy have in the contemporary world and modern-day politics is one that is rather complicated (Esposito Voll 2001). There are many perspectives regarding the coexistence of Islam and democracy. On the one hand, many prominent Islamic intellectuals and groups argue that Islam and democracy are compatible (Esposito Voll 2001). On the other hand, there are others who see the democratization of Islam as a threat, that it may promote an even more virulent anti-Westernism view or others who see the two as inherently antithetical due to the different beliefs that the two promote (Espositio Piscatori 1991: 428). Esposito and Voll present the idea that the Muslim world is not ideological monolithic and therefore presents a broad spectrum of perspectives ranging from the extremes of those who deny a connection between Islam and democracy to those who argue that Islam requires a democratic system (2001). In addition to this, they argue that there are pers pectives that lie in between the two extremes that consist of Muslims in Muslim-majority states who believe that Islam is a support for democracy despite the fact that their political system and governance is not overtly recognized as democratic (Esposito Voll 2001). Having laid out the range of different opinions and stances on the compatibility of Islam and democracy, it is important to note that this chapter will not deal with every single argument present in the ongoing debate of the relationship between Islam and democracy but rather focus on the main substantial points. Khan, in his book Islamic Democratic Discourse, identifies two main schools of thought of Islamic political theory. First there are the political Islamists who advocate the establishment of an Islamic state, an authoritarian and ideological entity whose central concepts are al-Hakimiyyah (the sovereignty of God) and Sharia (the law of God) (Khan 2006: 160). The second school of thought is that of liberal Muslims who advocate an Islamic democracy whose central themes are Shura (consultation) and Sahifat al Madinah (Constitutionalism a la the Compact of Medina) (Khan 2006: 160). It is significant to note that political Islamists do conceive the concept of Shura as a vital comp onent of their Islamic state, but for them consultative governance is not necessary for legitimacy, since legitimacy comes from the enforcement of the Sharia, regardless of the will of the people (Khan 2006: 160). For liberal Muslim scholars, on the other hand, Shura is a paramount and Sharia too must be arrived at through consultative processes and not taken as given (Khan 2006: 160). Therefore, it can be seen that political Islamists, according to Khan, do not see the need for democracy as the legitimacy democracy is meant to give to a states governance and politics is done through the implementation of the Sharia laws. El Fadl argues that for democracy to work inside the framework of Islam and its ideals, it must understand the centrality of Gods sovereignty in Islam and cannot eliminate the element of the Sharia laws as a whole but rather show how it respects and compliments it. However, El Fadls argument is not feasible as it is not possible to enforce Sharia without taking into consideration the will of the people because that already is considered undemocratic. Khan argues that the only way El Fadls Islamic state can be democratic is if the authority of those who interpret the Sharia are dismantled and interpreted by the people themselves (2006: 161). This in turn may jeopardize the quality of Islamic democracy within the state but according to Khan, it is a risk that should be taken for the sake of implementing democracy (2006: 161). Moving on to the second school of thought, liberal Muslims, who believe in an Islamic democracy centred on the ideals of Shura and the Constitution of Medina. Esposito and Picastori argue that Muslim interpretations of democracy build on the well-established concept of Shura (consultation), but place varying emphases on the extent to which the people are able to exercise this duty (1991: 434). They identify a perspective that claims that it is not only the notion of consultation that makes Islam intrinsically democratic, but it is also due to the concepts of ijthihad (independent reasoning) and ijma (consensus) (Esposito Picastori 1991: 434). The Constitution of Medina establishes the importance of consent and cooperation for governance and according to this compact Muslims and non-Muslims are equal citizens of the Islamic state, with identical rights and duties (Khan 2001). Khan argues that according to this constitution, which was the interpretation of the Quran by Prophet Muhamma d, the principles of equality, consensual governance and pluralism are integrated into the Islamic state (2001). He then goes on to point out the difference between Muhammads democratic and tolerant Islamic state to contemporary Muslims such as the Taliban, who interpret the Quran in a completely different and radical way (Khan 2001). Choudry backs up the liberal Muslim perspective by asserting that the fundamentals of democracy are present in Islam: Islam recognizes popular sovereignty, government is based on rule of law, political leaders are elected and accountable to the people and equality of citizens is ensure in the Quran itself (Choudry in Ehteshami 2004: 96). But if this were the case in all Muslim-majority countries, why are there so few democracies in the Muslim world? The answer is simple. Using Khans argument regarding the interpretation of the Quran, it can be argued that the compatibility of Islam and democracy depends on the interpretation of Islamic spiritual scriptures of the Quran by Muslims themselves. Khan argues along identical lines stating that all arguments that advocate Islamic democracies or the compatibility of Islam and democracy take the Quran as a revealed document, whose text is absolute but meanings are open to interpretations (2006: 158). This is a very important piece of informat ion as it highlights the fact that when the Quran is interpreted differently by different Muslims it would result in different understandings of what the Quran encompasses. This would explain why not all Muslim-majority states, Islamic states in particular, are similar in the extent to which Sharia law is implemented in aspects of governance, economics and everyday life. Additionally, Khan uses the theologian perspective to back up liberal Muslim scholars as theologians go to Islamic roots and identify and exemplify those elements that correspond to liberal democratic principles (2006: 158) thus specifically looking for democratic ideals present in Islam. In his book, The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism, theologian Sachedina relies solely on Quranic sources and eschewing other socially constructed discourses, how Islam strongly advocates pluralism (Khan 2006: 158). However, just because Islam promotes pluralism, does not instantly make it democratic. Liberal Muslims and theologians make the mistake of being complacent with the fact that just one or two aspects of democracy are found in Islam, namely Shura and aspects of pluralism, hence automatically making Islam and democracy compatible. If this were the case, democracy would be more prevalent in the Muslim world. Maududi uses the theologian perspective when studying Islam as he also argues that whatever aspect of the Islamic ideology one may like to study, he must, first of all, go to the roots and look at the fundamental principles (1977: 119-120) emphasizing the importance of having to study Islam from the inside out and not just take it at face value. However, Maududi takes a step further than theologians and coins the idea of a theo-democracy, the mixture of theocracy and democracy in Islamic states (1977: 133). According to theo-democracy, God is equally sovereign as the people represented by an elected assembly that is controlled by religious leaders (Maududi in Lane Redissi 2004: 171). Nevertheless, this concept of theo-democracy, as argued by Lane and Redissi, does not fulfil the essential requirement of democracy as the legitimacy of the Mullahs is not derived from the people but from their insight into the Quran (2004: 171). Maududi himself points out that a democratic Islamic stat e would be a fallacy as the sovereignty of God and sovereignty of the people are mutually exclusive and that an Islamic democracy would be the antithesis of secular Western democracy (Maududi in Bukay 2007). The issue of sovereignty of God and the people is what distinguishes Islam and democracy. The two are completely different sets of ideals that cannot be combined together as only one can take precedence over the other, and when this is done, a country either is a democracy or an Islamic state. Going back to the concept of Shura, many scholars use this concept to show that Islam has similar values to those of democracy. Shura can be defined as the obligation for Muslims in managing their political affairs to engage in mutual consultation (Esposito Voll 2001). Lane and Redissi argue that the effort to find the missing link between Islam and modern democracy is focused upon the possibility of finding a link between the concept of consultation Shura and the key institutions of modern democracy the vote and the participation of the people in relation to the religious elite including the caliph (2004: 170). Ahmad uses the Islamist perspective to argue that the Quran allows Muslims to use Shura and the opportunity of Gods vicegerency to select a Muslim ruler based on the free will of the Muslim masses (2002) pointing out the democratic aspects of the Quran when it comes to choosing a ruler. However, it seems that despite the fact that Shura is the so-called democratic compone nt of Islam, majority of the Muslim world are not democratic thus proving that it is easy to correlate the two (Shura and democracy) as similar entities in theory but in practice, it is not enough to ensure a democratic Muslim-majority state, let alone an Islamic state. As Khan puts it: a democratic theory cannot just emerge by itself from a part of a verse (2006: 158). Apart from Khans two main schools of thought, there is another perspective where in which scholars believe that Islam and democracy are intrinsically incompatible. Sivan suggests that Islam has very little to offer in the realm of politics as after Muhammads death, political history was shaped by circumstances Islamic law had little to no say on constitutional matters (Sivan in Ehteshami 2004: 96). According to Sivan, Sharia does not stand a chance of being the superior law of the land when democracy is implemented thus implying that Islamic fundamentals of politics and democracy cannot coexist without one being more superior to the other thus determining whether a state is either Islamic or democratic, they cannot be both. Furthermore, Maududis argument supports that of Sivans as he claims that an Islamic democracy would be the antithesis of secular Western democracy (Maududi in Bukay 2007). Despite the fact that numerous Muslim activists have rejected the concept of democracy as a western import designed to destroy Islam and the Sharia, there are Muslim and non-Muslim scholars alike that strongly argue that there is no contradiction between Islam and democracy (Ehteshami 2004: 94). Ehteshami claims that Muslim teachings and practices of collective debate, consensus, accountability and transparency, if followed properly, will produce Muslim versions of democratic rule (2004: 94). Nevertheless, he argues that if Islam and democracy were to be seen as two different systems, one of the main differences between an Islamic state and a democracy is the sphere of sovereignty, where in a democratic society sovereignty lies with the people, and in an Islamic state it resides in God (2004: 94). Ahmad argues along the same lines as Ehteshami but uses the Islamist approach claiming that a fundamental difference between the Western and Islamist concept of democracy: the sovereignty o f the people vs. the sovereignty of God or the Shariah (2002). That being said, it is not possible to remove the sovereignty of God and the Sharia and move them to the sidelines of politics within an Islamic state with democracy at the top, because when that happens, an Islamic state is no longer an Islamic state for the reason that the core essence of it has been removed and replaced. When put in this context, it is not feasible for an Islamic state to be democratic. Bukay brings up an interesting argument in relation to the compatibility of Islam and democracy. He claims that some Western scholars maintain the Islamist argument that not only are parliamentary democracy and representative elections congruent with Sharia, but that Islam actually encourages democracy (Bukay 2007). Bukay identifies two ways in which these scholars maintain the above claims: either they twist definitions to make them fit the apparatuses of Islamic government terms such as democracy become relative or they bend the reality in Muslim countries to fit their theories (2007). He points out the phrases used by Esposito and his different co-authors such as democracy has many and varied meanings; every culture will mold an independent model of democratic government; and there can develop a religious democracy (Bukay 2007) proving his above statement true. Having exhausted all the prominent arguments in the general sphere of democracy and Muslim-majority countries, this chapter will now put these arguments into the context of Islamic states specifically. The arguments of political Islamists is one of the few realistic argument that keeps what essentially makes Islamic states Islamic as it does not disregard Sharia as unimportant or unnecessary when it comes to the governance of a Muslim country. Rather it argues the point that for democracy to work within an Islamic state, it is the responsibility of democracy to show that it encompasses Islamic ideals rather than the other way around. The liberal Muslim school of thought is also useful in finding the possibility of Islamic states being democratic as they argue from the point of view that the interpretation of the Quran is what is essential. However, no matter how evident it is in theory that there are possibilities of Islamic states becoming democratic, there is no denying that in pra ctice, not a single Islamic state exists. The non-existence of democratic Islamic states raises a number of important questions: Why are there no democratic Islamic states? Why is it possible for Indonesia and Turkey to be democratic but not Pakistan, Iran or Bahrain? Is Islam the sole, main reason why there are no democratic Islamic states? These questions will be answered in the next two chapters as the next chapter focus primarily on specific case studies of Islamic states, namely Pakistan, Iran, Yemen and Bahrain, where as the fourth chapter deals with democratic and semi-democratic Muslim-majority states, such as Indonesia, Turkey, Malaysia and Bangladesh.

Women Being Controlled in The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research pape

The Yellow Wallpaper Today, women have more freedoms than we did in the early nineteenth century. We have the right to vote, seek positions that are normally meant for men, and most of all, the right to use our minds. However, for women in the late 1800’s, they were brought up to be submissive housewives who were not allowed to express their own interests. In the story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a woman is isolated from the world and her family because she is suffering from a temporary illness. Under her husband’s care, she undergoes a treatment called â€Å"rest cure† prescribed by her doctor, Dr. Weir Mitchell. It includes bed rest, no emotional or physical stimulus, and limited access to people. However, due to isolation, the woman creates a delusional relationship with the yellow wallpaper in her bedroom. It’s patterns stand for everything that is going on in her current life. She is a lonely woman who yearns to escape the wa lls around her and be free. As the story begins, the woman in the story is suffering from temporary nervous depression and has just been released from a sanitarium. Because she is ill, her husband John has been given instructions from her doctor on how to help her recuperate. â€Å"He is very careful and loving, and hardly let’s [his wife] stir without special direction† (Gilman, 451). This treatment confines her to her room upstairs. She is also required to have plenty of bed rest and is restricted from people and stimulation. However, one can say that such instructions will cause the illness to continue because of a lack of activity, isolation from the outside world, especially family members. It appears the woman in the story wants to ... ...rld and the woman represents her. Ultimately, John’s wife concludes that her only escape from the room is to tear down the wallpaper. In doing so, she releases herself and takes control of her life. Gilman has based this story on her own experience. She gives readers a glimpse on how women were restricted from mental stimulus and creative thinking because they were forced to conform to societies’ norms. The woman in the story is a prime example of how women were denied participation in their own marriage. Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† 1892. pgs. 450-461. Johnson, Greg. Gilman’s Gothic Allegory: Rage and Redemption in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† in Studies in Short Fiction, Vol.26, No. 4, Fall, 1989, pg. 521-30. Korb, Rena. An Overview of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† in Exploring Short Stories, Gale Research, 1998.

Foreign Intervention Essay

Developing nations are usually countries that lack stability, whether politically or financially. Intervention in such nations may prove to be helpful in such cases, as it may ensure an increased stability within the country. This is much needed in developing nations, as stability is key to economic prosperity. However, intervention in the internal affairs of another nation may undermine the country’s sovereignty, rendering foreign intervention undesirable, as it does more harm than good from the standpoint of the developing nation. Foreign intervention in the form of humanitarian aid does more good than harm, as it hastens the restoration of infrastructure and provides the citizens with the necessities to tide over difficult times. Natural disasters cause substantial damage to a country, with homes destroyed and lives lost. The people involved are often rendered helpless. Developing nations in particular, may not be able to help much due to the lack of financial reserves. Humanitarian aid given in such times is desired and will be of great help to the people, due to the relief provided in times of distress. An example would be Haiti, which was badly hit by an earthquake. International organizations such as the United Nations and Red Cross Foundation provided food and medical care, alleviating the situation in Haiti. Hence, humanitarian aid brings about many benefits, doing more good than harm. Developing nations embattled in internal turmoil may require foreign intervention to restore political stability in the nation. Repressive regimes such as that in Libya have resulted in brutality and oppression. The people are unable to stand up for themselves to lead a change. The people desire intervention, as they wish to be freed from tyrant rulers. Foreign intervention will aid the citizens in effecting a change that will improve their lives drastically. Furthermore, the political stability that results may restore economic prosperity in the nation, which was not achievable previously due to uncertainty and fear for the future by businesses. Political stability will reduce those fears and create a better environment for the economy to flourish. These benefits are far-reaching and long-term, and are essential to the development of the nation. Hence, foreign  intervention in a developing nation does more good than harm. The intervention in another nation’s internal affairs may undermine national sovereignty, which is an important attribute of modern states today. Sovereignty is of great significance, and no country will willingly allow foreign nations to infringe on their sovereignty. Foreign intervention may result in negative repercussions, such as the strain on international relations. This is seen by Greece’s anger over perceived intervention in their internal affairs by Germany during the Eurozone crisis. Strained relations between countries undesirable for both countries as it may lead to restricted trade, and in turn the loss of economic opportunities. Foreign intervention may lead to long lasting harmful impacts if relations do not improve, hence it does a significant amount of harm. Foreign intervention may serve as a tool in correcting the infringement of human rights, which will do good and justice to the people subjected to unfair treatment. The 1994 Rwanda genocide was an instance where human rights were compromised. The Hutus persecuted the Tutsis, and a coalition of states was prepared to put a stop to that. The intervention will help the Tutsi population escape such brutality and violence. The Tutsis will be able to live a life free of brutality, which will improve their physical well being and be able to lead a more peaceful life. Human rights should never be infringed as it is the basic rights that every human being should possess. Therefore, in cases where human rights are compromised, foreign intervention is warranted and it will bring about more good than harm. In principle, it may seem that the harm outweighs the good if sovereignty, a crucial aspect of every nation, is infringed. However, it depends on the circumstances. The dire need for humanitarian aid, fulfillment of basic human rights and freedom from repressive regimes may surpass the need for sovereignty. It will not be harmful to have foreign intervention. Rather, the people in developing nations will experience many positive impacts, and the country may be able to develop further and prosper, hence foreign intervention does not do more harm than good.

The hydraulic energy

IntroductionThe potency of utilizing a KERS on a bike to hive away hydraulic energy can be achieved utilizing a device such as a hydraulic collector. In a hydraulic collector the possible energy is stored in the signifier of a tight gas or spring, which is used to exercise a force against a comparatively incompressible fluid. Collectors store energy when the hydraulic system force per unit area is greater than the collector force per unit area and releases hydraulic energy in the opposite instance. By hive awaying and supplying hydraulic energy, collectors can be used as a primary power beginning for a KERS. Collectors are of course dynamic devices ; intending they function when constellation alterations, for illustration, valves opening and shutting. Collectors respond quickly to constellation alterations, and about outright for gas collectors. They are normally used in concurrence with a pump/motor in a hydraulic circuit. A hydraulic system using an collector can utilize a smaller fluid pump since the collector shops energy from the pump during low demand periods. The pump does n't necessitate to be so big to get by with extremes of demand, therefore the supply circuit can react more rapidly to any impermanent demand and to smooth pulsings. There are four types of collector: vesica, stop vesica, Piston ( spring or gas controlled ) , and metal bellows. Depending on the application, the pick of most suited is based on the needed velocity of collector response, weight, dependability and cost. Compressed gas collectors are the most normally used type since they by and large have the faster dynamic response and are most dependable. Collectors with seals will by and large hold the lowest dependability as there is the possible for leaks. Pressurised gas collectors take advantage of the fact, that the gas is compressible. The possible to hive away energy and the affect of the collector is dictated by its overall volume and pre-charge of the gas. The pre-charge is the force per unit area of the gas in the collector when there is no hydraulic fluid within the collector. Too high of a pre-charge force per unit area, reduces the fluid volume capacity, and limits the maximal sum of hydraulic energy that will be available to the system. A gas collector has a gas pre-charge, which is less than the nominal hydraulic system force per unit area. When hydraulic fluid enters the collector, the gas is compressed to the nominal system force per unit area, which is in an equilibrium place and corresponds to the maximal sum of energy that can be stored. As system hydraulic force per unit area beads, the gas will spread out coercing hydraulic fluid back into the system. Most gas collectors are bladder type, made up of a vas divided into two volumes, by a flexible membrane. Within the vesica, N is stored under high force per unit area, which is an efficient and safe medium since the ability of gas to hive away energy additions exponentially as force per unit area rises and because of its inert belongingss. As fluid from the hydraulic circuit, enters the vas ( under system force per unit area ) and impinges against the vesica, the gas is compressed leting energy to be stored. The release of energy when required is achieved via conventional valve agreement.Use of hydraulic KERS commerciallyThere are, a figure of emerging systems that allow the operators of vehicles to cut down both fuel ingestion and unwanted emanations, specifically to vehicles that are capable to changeless stop-start operations, like for illustration coachs, decline aggregation vehicles ( RCV ) . Changeless stop-start operations, such as braking in big vehicles, produce considerable kinetic energy, which is wasted as heat. Capturing this energy utilizing conventional hydraulic engineering enables it to be stored and so returned to the vehicle systems. The possible utilizations are non merely limited to help subsequent acceleration ( cut downing the energy required from the engine ) , but can potentially power accessory equipment. For illustration, RCVs can utilize stored energy to drive the hydraulic garbage compacting and packing mechanisms. This enables a important decrease of engine velocities and runing noise [ 10 ] .Hydraulic Power Train TechnologyHybrid hydraulic power-train engineering usually incorporates a hydraulic system runing analogue to the IC engine to portion the undertaking of powering the vehicle. Although other agreements are possible ( in series ) , the simplest is where the conventional vehicle transmittal and driveline constituents are replaced by a hydr o-mechanical transmittal, a system that works likewise to a hydrostatic CVT. In which the end product shaft from the vehicle ‘s engine is used to drive a hydraulic pump that in bend supplies pressure to hydrostatic motors ; these are so connected via a pitching mechanism to the vehicle power-train to drive the wheels [ 10 ] . These motors so, under braking, act as pumps to bear down collectors, where energy is stored before being released back to the power-train, conveying torsion to the driveshaft and impeling the vehicle. Fig depicts the capturing and releasing of energy in a hydraulic circuit.Examples of Commercial Hydraulic KERSThere are two commercial merchandises of hydraulic intercrossed KERS on today ‘s market and both are implemented on bringing vehicles and decline truck applications. These are Parker Energy Recovery System [ 6 ] , and Eaton Hydraulic Launch Assistâ„ ¢ ( HLA ® ) [ 7 ] .Prototype testing proposes typically regenerative braking capableness c aptures about 70 % of the KE produced during braking, minimising the burden on the engine, and assisting to cut down fuel ingestion [ 9 ] . The hydrostatic motors, when moving as pumps during vehicle braking, besides help to decelerate the vehicle down by bring oning retarding force on the revolving drive-train ; a characteristic that helps to cut down brake wear [ 9 ] by more than 50 % [ 8 ] . Generally these systems operate at a maximal force per unit area of 5,000 PSI [ 9 ] . The intercrossed engineerings are controlled by specialised systems that are activated upon braking. The controls prevent service brake application until merely before a complete halt. They besides monitor if the energy stored in the collector falls below a preset degree, upon which the vehicle engine can be used to supply auxiliary power. However, on vehicles with frequent stop-start rhythms, this is rarely required as even soft braking is sufficient to keep the stored energy at high degrees. The HLA ® has two manners of operation, â€Å" Economy Mode † and â€Å" Performance Mode † . When the operating in â€Å" Economy Mode † , the energy stored in the collector during braking is used entirely to ab initio speed up the vehicle. Once the collector has emptied, the engine will get down to execute the acceleration. This procedure consequences in increased fuel economic system of 30 % and provides increased acceleration of 2 % [ 7 ] . Economy manner allows for upper limit fuel nest eggs & A ; maximal exhaust emanation decreases of 20 % to 30 % [ 7 ] . In Performance Mode, acceleration is created by both the energy stored in the collector and the engine. Once the collector has emptied, the engine is wholly responsible for acceleration.While a 17 % addition in fuel economic system is possible, the greatest benefit is an increased acceleration of 26 % [ 7 ] . The benefits of intercrossed solution are legion ; reduced emanations, increased brake life, and better fuel economic system. The engineering besides allows the possibility to cut down the size of the vehicle engine as this can be sized for extremum velocities, instead than for low-end torsion.Application of Hydraulic KERS to a BicycleA squad of technology pupils from the University of Michigan [ 1 ] undertook a undertaking to utilize a hydro-pneumatic regenerative braking system on a bike. It was a renovation of a heavier old effort to do a working paradigm to suit within a 29 † forepart wheel ( fig ) . They use a 0.5 liter collector and believed this to be sufficient in hive awaying the needed energy at a maximal on the job system force per unit area of 5000psi. It ‘s weighed an impractical 13kg about every bit much as a motorcycle and is its major drawback, its weight can be accounted for by its separate high and low collectors, separate hydraulic pump and motor and it s comparatively big mounting bracket.CalculationsThey failed to prove and therefore supply conclusive consequences for the public presentation features of their paradigm, but alternatively prescribed its cardinal public presentation parametric quantities via theoretical computations. In the same manner and based on the same computations the undermentioned subdivision outlines the public presentation of a hydro-pneumatic KERS.Storage CapacityFirst for a hydraulic system to be implemented the storage of fluid must be addressed, the capacity must be determined and force per unit areas needed to hive away the kinetic energy. The combined mass of bicycler and bike ( 90kg ) braking from 32km/h ( 20mph ) has 2880kJ of kinetic energy. Parker [ 5 ] ( industry of collector and motors ) rates the ACP series collectors at max force per unit area 5000psi, if presuming ideal gas jurisprudence:BrakingA hydraulic KERS must utilize a hydraulic motor to supply plenty torsion to run the bike every bit good as supplying adequate resistive torsion to be an effectual brake. If the bike going at 32km/h ( 20mph ) on 0.66m ( 26inch ) diameter wheels, which spins the motor at 4632rpm through the 18:1 gear ratio of the pump cogwheel train, so this corresponds to 4.52Nm of torsion at 3000psi ( fig ) . This translates to a braking torsion of about 81.36Nm applied to the chief cogwheel due to the 18:1 cogwheel ratio.EstablishingOn release of force per unit area, a to the full charged 5000psi collector generates 7.57Nm of torsions ( fig ) . The 14:1 gear ratio of the motor gear train applies a 105 Nm torsion to the chief bike bunch cogwheel. 7.57Nm corresponds to around 800rpm from motors torque rpm curve ( fig ) , which turns the chief cogwheel at around 57rpm due to the 14:1 cogwheel ratio. This is an initial velocity of 8km/h ( 5mph ) which will increase as force per unit area is expended.AdvantagesIn many applications, particularly those where high power densenesss are required, hydro-p neumatic systems offer a more efficient option to system driven by electric motors. The engineering can be used to capture and reassign high degrees of energy highly rapidly compared with likewise sized electric systems, which by and large require long periods over which batteries have to be charged. They are besides likely to hold a longer runing life than battery-powered systems.DisadvantagesThe chief disadvantage of a hydro-pneumatic KERS would be its weight, which is attributed to by weight of hydraulic fluid, collector stuff ( steel ) , and the fact that in application it would be necessary to hold separate high and low force per unit area collectors. Equally good as potentially necessitating separate hydraulic pump and motor. In hydro-pneumatic systems when the gas is non charged by the hydraulic fluid and therefore non hive awaying energy, the fluid can be considered dead weight. If implemented on a bike to be used as a KERS, this would be counterproductive. Last hydro-pneumatic systems are limited where consistent degrees of power are required for drawn-out periods at near changeless velocities, such as long-distance cruising.DecisionThe major consideration when utilizing hydro-pneumatic collector for hive awaying the energy whilst braking, is of class the loss of pressurized gas in a certain collector. It is a failure critical to safety when it plays such an of import function as braking. It is evident the hydraulic collector needed for a KERS, does non hold an overly big capacity ( pre-charged to 3200psi ) , in order to let go of adequate energy to impel a motorcycle to 32km/h ( 20mph ) . Furthermore, a hydraulic motor can bring forth 81.36Nm braking torsion which makes it an effectual brake. However based on the weight of the paradigm ( 13kg ) from the University of Michigan, it is impractical to utilize a hydro-pneumatic engineering, as it stands presently, for a bike KERS.

Future earth-climate of earth (around the equator) 250 million years later

The story about the climate at the equator 250 million years ago is both interesting and frightening. Interesting, because it puts all the things we concern ourselves with right now in perspective, and they seem very insignificant, and frightening, because of what it suggests is in store for us. It is believed that 250 million years from now, by a process of ‘subduction’, a giant continent called ‘Pangea Ultima’ will be formed, which will consist of North America and Africa married to one another with South America rounding off the bottom of the supercontinent. A miniscule ocean basin will remain at the bottom of the two continents.This marriage and other changes will cause a big effect on temperature. The huge landmass will mean that winds reaching the land will be denuded of their moisture. Much of what is now southern North America will fall on the Equator. Because it will be robbed of any moisture bearing winds, it will probably become barren, and may ev en form into a desert. The beaches of Miami will probably be replaced by an Arizona like landscape. In addition to the geosphere, the water bodies (the hydrosphere) will also make a big impact on the temperature and climate around the equator.What is today the Indian Ocean will be trapped, creating a giant lake like body the size of modern Australia. Being trapped like a lake, the Indian Ocean will not be able to circulate air currents and therefore affect temperature. Parts of the Indian subcontinent that will then (and even today to) fall on the equator will likely not benefit from the South Western and North Eastern monsoons that bring rain and influence temperature. The atmosphere will not be left behind in this giant drama. The atmosphere acts a conduit in the transfer of heat and water from the oceans and seas to the land.The formation of a new giant ocean and a supercontinent will make the transmission of this heat energy from the sea to the land and water vapour (which is de posited on land as rain) more difficult. Instead of carrying moisture laden winds, large parts of the giant landmasses, particularly around the equator will be affected by hot, dry winds, which will increase temperature on the surface as well. In the same vein, the atmosphere may serve to radiate hot air outwards from the centre of these giant continents to the peripheries, which could increase the temperature in other regions, and also affect the surface temperature.As a consequence, the temperature overall might rise, exacerbating the effect of climate change induced by human factors. The outlook is not all grim however. Higher temperatures, coupled with a giant lake like Indian Ocean (providing an abundant supply of water) could result in the proliferation of plant life in much of equatorial Africa, South America and Asia. The proliferation of plant life would bring down temperatures and reduce levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, countering the effects of global warming.T he contortion of the landmass of Eurasia will bring the eastern parts of Russia, such as the port city of Vladivostok along the equator. The climate pattern in Russia in particular will therefore completely change, becoming much less severe and a lot more temperate and even equatorial. Finally, California and large parts of then equatorial North America will have very heavy, even torrential rainfall. Them being the first landmasses after several thousand miles of ocean, huge amounts of water will be deposited as rain in these parts. This could have a cooling effect on the temperature there.

Tourism and Economy of UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Tourism and Economy of UK - Essay Example By now, the benefits that tourism brings to any country are plainly incontrovertible. But tourism has its own downsides or drawbacks. It is a volatile and mercurial national undertaking. It is subject to so many factors and influences that may slow down its growth or even send it to the doldrums. Effects of global warming, such as floods, frequent typhoons, hailstorms, tsunamis and other calamities discourage vacationers and affect the tourism industry. So do absence of peace and order, civil wars, religious fanaticism, epidemic outbreaks, â€Å"political instability, currency fluctuations, changes in fashion and changes in the economy† (Nagle 1999,p.5). Speaking of the economy, economic factors can drastically reverse the growth of the tourism industry or advance it further. Financial crisis or the slowing down of the economy or recession definitely gives the tourism industry a big blow that may decelerate it. However, currency devaluation, which increases the spending power of tourists has an opposite effect. In the late 1990’s when Asian currencies, such as the Thai baht and the Philippine peso were devalued, streams of tourists from Europe and North America took advantage of the weakened currencies and enlivened the tourism industry in those parts of the world. But a strong exchange rate will always dissuade tourists from coming. Instead, they will tend to flock to weakened economies where they will get more value for their money. Bad governance especially governance of the economy in any nation always contributes to tourism decline. Mishandling of the economy that always entails graft and corruption gives bad image to the country and travelers shun countries marred by claims of misgovernance and corruption. In tourism promotion, good image counts a lot. Besides misgovernance spawns a destitute citizenry who finds it difficult to travel domestically and domestic tourism provides a sizable chunk of the tourism earnings of any nation. Enacted le gislations inimical to tourism also affects its tourism industry as well as the budgeting of a measly outlay for tourism infrastructures. A hostile foreign relations policy may scuttle the tourism vessel of the nation and cause it to sink to oblivion. An example for this was the near-destruction of Cuba's tourism industry when USA imposed an economic embargo against Cuba in the 60's and 70's (Jafari 2000,p.122).

Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 9

Apple - Essay Example Apple still occupies a dominating position in the US markets. Even in Chinese markets, Apple has increased its share from 18.6 percent in September to 23.2 percent in January, 2013 (Patterson, 2014). From the beginning of 2011 to 2012, Apple’s overall market share rose from 18.8 percent to 25.1 (Finger, 2013; Marketing Minds, 2014). Through an in-depth analysis of the factors underlying its brand image, advertising and customer out-reach strategies; this paper wishes to analyze the success of Apple’s branding strategy and the ingenious business strategies that have been giving a long –term support to its customers, in terms of satisfaction, choice and specifications. Apple chooses to operate in some of the highly competitive markets, including the computer industry other than the consumer electronics industry and smart phone market and even the tablet market. The early years following its advent were extremely challenging, especially in comparison to the time when it started out with desktops in 1970s, followed by laptops in 1990s. The iPod was launched in the year 2001, followed by iPad in 2010 and now even resourceful with the latest introductions of Apple Pay and Apple Watch (Finger, 2013; Sanchez, 2014; Apple Inc., 2014). Presently, Apple Inc is one of the 10 top most of the 100 precious globally acclaimed brands with a net worth of $145 per share in cash, accounting for over 30 percent of the total market cap zero long-term debt in the year 2013 (Finger, 2013). It has been said about Apple’s brand image that its branding strategy focuses on emotions. That is to say, lifestyle, imagination, passions, hopes, dreams and aspirations all count. Above all, an interactive and simple yet elegant use of style is its forte. The sectors of brand equity and customer sense of community are extremely well-defined in literature. The concept of

Recurring U.S. Government Spending and Debt Ceiling Crises Assignment

Recurring U.S. Government Spending and Debt Ceiling Crises - Assignment Example Increase in worsening of economic condition will result in further decline of the value of the US dollar. Question 3: The overall healthcare expenditure of the United States of America will increase by 6.1 percent due to Obama Care Act in 2014 and Morgan states that this estimate is lesser than the previous estimates of increase in government spending by 7.4% (Morgan 1). An increase of 6.1% will result in a total expenditure of $3 trillion on the healthcare system. Question 4: From the period of 2009 to 2013 the Medicare spending increased at an average of 0.02 trillion. During the period of 2009 it was 0.42 trillion and during the period of 2013 it was 049 trillion, while it fell from 0.48 trillion of 2011 to 0.47 trillion in 2012. It is expected that in 2014 it would rise to 0.52 trillion (usgovernmentspending.com 1). Question 5: The United States has budgeted that its overall government spending for the period of 2014 will be 3.7 trillion and this will include spending on pensions, health care, defense as well as welfare (usfederalbudget.us 1). In order to cover this budget of 3.7 trillion, the government has projected to collect a total of 3.0 trillion on tax revenues (usgovernmentrevenue.com 1). This means that a total of 0.7 trillion in tax revenues need to be increased to cover all government spending. Question 6: By the end of 2013 the United States’ federal government debt to GDP ratio was 101.6% and by the period of 2003 it was 59.5%. This means that the debt to GDP ratio of the United States Federal government has almost increased by 66% in 10 years time period which is quite an alarming situation (tradingeconomics.com 1). Question 7: The FED or Federal Reserve Bank of United States already owns 64% of the debt of United States government (Jeffrey 1). The FED owns this amount since it is purchasing government bonds in order to help the federal government to

Modern Risk Analysis Based on PRA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern Risk Analysis Based on PRA - Essay Example This risk assessment leads to an output of ranging risks prior to the experiences of the receptors. Proper probabilistic risk assessments require adequate description of the input parameters. For this to happen, it requires that distributional data be available and further be adequate in describing the already identified input parameters. PRA purely employs probability and probability distributions in the characteristic analysis. Probability denotes the chances of occurrence of an uncertain phenomenon. The uncertainty constitutes occurrence of risk. Through PRA, risk assessments can be carried out and the levels of risk therein identified. Use of probability in the assessments of risk can be used in the understanding, quantifying and management of risk. Such a process can further be analysed in relation to the limitations of quantifying risk using probability. Reasons why probability is chosen as opposed to other measures of uncertainty Probability quantifies the description of level s of risk, characterized by the aspect of uncertainty or variability associated with risk estimates. Risk therefore becomes comprehensively characterized by using probability, which would not be the case when point estimate measure of risk is used (UKOOA, 2006, pg. 134). This feature therefore makes probability a better measure of risk than the point estimate method. Quantitative analysis of risk allows for diverse treatment of uncertainty variables used in the determination of underlying risks prior to the probability of occurrence of the identified risks. Risk management requires the use of flexible tools of analysis as well as availability of vast information in regard to what is being accounted for. In this regard, probability becomes the best measure of uncertainty. Uncertainty constitutes risks, and it is the risks that risk managers ought to address. Probability allows for flexibility in the analysis and treatment of variables in the probability equation (U.S. Environmental P rotection Agency, 2005, pg. 78-79). Following this, a large volume of information can be derived, thereby allowing risk managers to make choices among alternatives. Other measures of uncertainty do not provide for flexibility and variant information, making risk managers fixed to the choices they make or to the scope that they can manage risks using such measures as a baseline. Managers need to assess and evaluate high-end risks, and the best gateway to succeeding in that is using probability in measuring levels of risk. Limitations of quantitative approach to risk The quantitative approach to risk is time consuming. It is procedural and treatment and analysis of variables require adequate time. Step by step consideration of variables is necessary in order to ensure that each and every aspect that constitutes risks is identified and accounted for (Stern and Fineberg, 1996, pg. 157). This process is characterized by huge requirement of resources. Adequate resources need to be pulled into place. Finances are required at every step of the quantification process. Gathering data and information is expensive. The management should be aware of these requirements before such an approach to risk is adopted. In order to come to a critical and fundamental understanding of the risks through the quantification approach all required information should first be in place. Data collection, cleaning, editing, analysis and reporting require that enough resources be allocated for the purposes.

Pros and cons to open a small business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pros and cons to open a small business - Essay Example This discussion illuminates the many advantages and disadvantages of opening a small business then briefly discusses the merits involved in the purchase of an existing business as opposed to starting one from the ground up. For a person that embodies the true entrepreneurial spirit, the chief goal and appeal of opening a small business is to create something novel, not simply in managing someone else’s conception. Because of this, beginning a business of one’s own construct is an appealing notion (Helfand, 2007). Operating one’s own business can be advantageous in many ways. First, and probably foremost is that a person can be their own boss. They are therefore able to make their own decisions and set their own hours. Nobody admonishes the owner for being late or taking an extra day’s vacation. No one tells the boss where to be and when to be there. The owner of a small business answers to no one besides the customer and even this is a choice. Unreasonable clients can be fired. The owner is not involved in petty organizational politics. No one is trying to undermine your authority or accomplishments so as to ‘climb the corporate ladder’ quicker. The owner of a s mall business is and always will be at the top. There is no ceiling on earnings potential to the owner of a small business. It is the best way to realize the ‘American dream.’ The more the business succeeds, the more profit is made and the owner decides how to distribute the earnings. Gone are the days of working for a pre-determined salary knowing that efforts made were probably making money for invisible investors who didn’t have a clue about the business nor appreciated the tremendous sacrifices that allowed it to profit. The owner of a small business has the ability to develop particular skills and knowledge needed for the growth of that business instead of having to focus on only the constrained

The Mission Statement Essay Example for Free

The Mission Statement Essay In this case study will discuss the strengths, weakness, opportunity’s and threats of the Vertu Nokia mobile phone. How well the company did and what the company will do to be completive in today’s changing world of mobile phones. Synopsis of the Situation The situation of the Vertu is how the company can survive in today’s world of technology changes. Nokia manufactures a unique luxury mobile phone by using precious materials such as diamonds, sapphires, titanium and exotic leather for phone production. Key Issues Nokia has a unique product and although it does well it has been shrinking in the market shares. Nokia hired Stephen Elop as the new CEO was given the task of revamping Nokia’s business and save it. Define the Problem The problem is the drop in share price. The problem faced in the lack of ability to not only produce new products but sustain current innovations within the mobile arena. Another issue is the use of an unproven operating system before understand the effects of a fall that could occur. There is also not a set purpose of the change nor what the company can do for its shareholders. Alternative Solutions The solution present was to phase out the outdated operating system and adopt Microsoft’s Window phone as its principal smartphone strategy. The transition from Symbian which was the outdated operating system to Windows Phone was a major move for Nokia and it could take it further by building a successful Third Ecosystem with Microsoft. Selected Solution to the Problem Due to rapid economic growth in emerging markets like China and India, the Asia-Pacific became the fastest growing region for luxury mobile phones. With new developments the luxury mobile phone market looked promising and attracted new market entrants such as Mobiado, GoldVish and GRESSO. Other well established luxury brands, including Christian Dior, Tag Heuer, Versace and Ulysse Nardin also joined the luxury mobile industry through brand extension initiatives with handset manufactures. Implementation In 2005 Nokia branded 8800 series and a year later a special edition of the Nokia 8800 was introduced. These new editions included ultra-lightweight carbon fibre and 24 carat gold plated versions. Despite these products introductions Nokia continued to empower its Vertu subsidiary to take the lead in penetrating the high end luxury mobile

Water is an essential component in our life

Water is an essential component in our life CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Water is an essential component in our life and it can be found in a very large quantity on the earth. Without water, there would be no living plant and animal. The water consumed by human originated in various forms and from various sources (Baba >et al., 2008). Lately, the popularity of bottled mineral water with consumers has increased due to the increasing contamination of water resources. According to the International Bottled Water Association (2000), natural mineral water is water that clearly comes from underground sources. It is distinguished from ordinary drinking water because it is characterized by its content of certain mineral salts and their relative proportion and the presence of trace elements of other constituents. Besides that, natural mineral water is also defined as groundwater that obtained directly for human consumption from drilled or natural sources from underground water (Malaysias Food Regulation, 1985). Nowadays lifestyles have moved most of the population towards the portable and convenient bottled mineral water. With a lot of bottled mineral water brands available in the market ranging from high end names like Evian to local brands like Spritzer and Mesra, todays consumer has lots of choices thereby making it necessary for the manufacturer of bottled mineral water to come out with unique strategies to stay up to date in this highly competitive market. Bottled mineral water has become an importance habit in peoples everyday lives. Bottled mineral water may even be needful, in case of temporary tap water contamination. Whatever be the reason, the trend towards consuming bottled water is predicted to increase in the coming years. Bottled water has been steadily growing over the past three decades due the dynamic sectors of the food and beverage industry. Water has endurances and sales appeal in any food service segment. It also free of sugar, calories and alcohol, and outruns juice, coffee and soda as a beverage for all day parts. Bottled mineral water consumption in the world is increasing by an average 7% each year, inspite of the fact that bottled mineral water has a higher price. The convenience of bottled water that can be easily purchased at retail outlets and easy to get rid of is the major factor leading many to purchase bottled mineral water. These factors have led to the increasing global production of bottled water, from estimated 142 billion liters in 2002 to over 173 billion liters in 2006. Danone, Nestle, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are the worlds top four bottled mineral water companies. Although Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are known as the big carbonated soft drinks manufacturers, they have also noted the potential in the bottled mineral water market and have been developing their brands and capabilities in this market. Although major consumers of bottled water are in Europe and North America, the most promising markets are in Asia Pacific with an annual growth rate of 15% (Frost and Sullivan, 2007). The increase in consumption in global with a high income is mainly due to the increasing awareness of the health preserving properties of water, both in its basic, hydrating function as well as a source of precious minerals. Table 1.1 shows how the world market of bottled water in the 2008, with Mexico being the highest consumption. Table 1.1: Per capita consumption of bottled water in leading countries (Beverage Marketing Corporation, 2008). Country Gallons Per Capita 2003 2008 Mexico 41.5 59.1 Italy 47.1 54.0 United Arab Emirates 25.4 39.7 Belgium 35.1 39.0 Germany 31.9 34.8 France 39.1 34.6 Spain 33.5 31.9 Lebanon 25.4 30.5 Hungary 16.2 29.2 United States 21.6 28.5 Switzerland 25.4 26.3 Austria 22.7 26.1 Thailand 20.3 26.0 Bottled mineral water is a profitable market in Malaysia. The market is set to undergo greater product differentiation with participants expected to expand into functional and to improve on packaging in order to obtain a higher share of the market. Competition is also predicted to increase with more private labels appearing in the market. Positive growth in this market has increased the interest of other manufacturers and distributors and the increasing competition is likely to support the growth in the coming years. In Malaysia, there are differences between Natural Mineral Water (NWM) and Packaged Drinking Water (PDW). Natural mineral water is defined as groundwater obtained for human consumption from underground water resources. It contains various minerals such as Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium and Calcium. Therefore, all NMW must comply with the standards as prescribed in Schedule 26 (Regulation 360A (7)), Food Regulations 1985. Packaged drinking water shall be potable water or treated potable water other than natural mineral water that is sealed in bottles or other types of packaging and is for human consumption. The source for this PDW can be from public water supply, surface water or underground water. The simplest way to differentiate between these two types of bottled water is by the colour of the bottle cap. Multicoloured bottle caps are given for natural mineral water while white bottle caps are only for packaged drinking water Competition from water dispensed by vending machines, the price of bottled mineral water, and growing consumer awareness of the environmental impact of bottled mineral water are found to be restraining bottled mineral water growth in Malaysia. Furthermore, the increasing of consumers concern for the environment, both in terms of the wastes resulting from the polyethyleneterepthalate (PET) bottles and the effect on the ecological system from wide scale water extraction, is also one of the reason for some consumers to prevent from purchasing bottled mineral water. 1.2 Statement of problem Based on Latinopolous >et al. (1997), a serious health effect that may cause by groundwater contamination is the reason for the increasing of public concern about the quality of groundwater resource in recent years. In present, the public is getting more concerned about their health whereby they are more interested to know about the water they consume. The most severe contamination of groundwater was recently discovered, where millions of people are at risk and consumption of these heavy metals contaminated water has caused widespread death and disease (Nickson >et al., 1998). Heavy metals are critical in this regard because of their easy uptake into the food chain and because of bioaccumulation processes (Diagomanolin >et al., 2004). It means that concentration of a chemical will increase in our bodies over time. Our body absorbed these heavy metals from the environment and they are stored at a rate that is faster than they are metabolized or excreted from the body. In traces concentration, some heavy metals like copper and zinc are essential to maintaining good health and metabolism within the human body. But if the concentration level is higher enough, even beneficial metals can be toxic and poison us. 1.3 Objectives of the study This study tends to highlight the specific element of heavy metals present in each bottled mineral water. More specifically, the aims are: To measure the level of heavy metals in selected bottled mineral water. To compare and compile the selected analyzed water parameters with World Health Organization (WHO) and Ministry of Health (MOH) water quality guidelines. 1.4 Significant of the study This study focus on generating data that will provide information on the concentration of the elements found in selected mineral water for public purpose. The data will help us to know whether the mineral water content present is in the amount claimed by the manufacturers or not. This is important for human consumption purpose where the public have the right to know the exact content in bottled mineral water they consume and is the bottled mineral water is safe for drinking, relatively pure from heavy metals. Humans nowadays also depend on bottled mineral water rather than tap water due to lack of contamination and it has a better taste. The concentration of these metals in the mineral water may vary depends on the location of the source and the companys manufacturer. 1.5 Thesis outline Overall, this thesis consist of five chapters which purposely to assist in understanding and easy to organize though writing process. The chapters in this thesis have been organized as follows: Chapter 1 of this thesis discusses the background of the study, the statement of problem, the need for the study and lists of objectives. Chapter 2 generally discusses on the literature review which are the theory and argumentation of the previous researcher about the topic. In this chapter, there are explanations and details about the mineral water, classification and its characteristic, groundwater, groundwater contamination, drinking water quality, trace elements, human health effect, health related guideline, bottled mineral water and lastly indication of bottled mineral water. This chapter will help us in further understanding the concept and why this topic is significant to be studied. Chapter 3 more focuses on research methodology. In this chapter research methodology is more on the way to analyze the concentration of trace element by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS Perkin Elmer Series 200). It is divided into several parts which were sample collection and preparation, elemental analysis, quality assurance and control and also statistical analysis. Chapter 4 is focusing on the result and discussion. It also include the statistical tools to analyze the precision of the data obtain in order to have a good data. It also states the results and the data interpretation between the samples. Chapter 5 as the last chapter functions as a conclusion to the whole chapter in this thesis. It also consists of suggestion and recommendation for future study in improving the way of conducting the project. This is followed by references. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Water distribution Water is necessary for life due to its natural elements which play a central role and it is important in human nutrition (Naddeo >et al., 2008). Water is the fundamental constituent of animal organisms and it is the medium through which all metabolic reactions happen. Water is the medium for all biological processes and a basic and essential dietary constituent. In other words, water is essential for life and, therefore, must be available to all, adequate, safe, accessible wholesome and, above all, should not cause appreciable health hazards, as it is needed for all other types of food (Sciacca and Conti, 2009). Malaysia which is located in the humid tropics is generally endowed with fairly abundant rainfall of 3000 mm annually (about 990 million cu/m), of which surface run-off is around 57%. However, seasonal distribution and variation, both temporally and spatially, provide some regions to be occasionally water-stressed. 60% of rain falls between November and January annually. Fast flowing of economic growth in Malaysia in the recent years, combined with periodic occurrence of lengthy drought has brought the problems of water imbalance into sharper focus, especially where development is concentrated in water stress regions. There are more people than what a river basin and groundwater can support in some regions (JPS, 2008). From data compiled by the Department of Environment (2005), the overall trend points to a slow but steady becoming worse in the water quality of rivers around the country. River systems as a whole, with or without confining reservoirs, 97% are estimated to contribute to the raw water supply source. The increasing population growth, coupled with rapid agricultural and industrial development, the availability of small numbers of water resources to meet increasing water demand is fast becoming a pressing issue. Due to lack access to clean water resources, consumption of bottled mineral water increased (Al Fraij >et al., 1999). 2.2 Groundwater It is estimated that more than 50% of the worlds population depends on groundwater for drinking (Fry 2005). Groundwater is the only source of drinking water for many rural and small communities (Hani 1990). Groundwater naturally results from waters that infiltrate from the land surface and percolate to the underlying strata. Groundwater must be free from organisms that are capable of causing disease and also from minerals and organic substances that could produce adverse physiological effects to make it safe for human consumption. Drinking water should be aesthetically acceptable that it should be free from apparent turbidity, colour and odour and from any objectionable taste. Drinking water should also be at a relatively sensible temperature. Water meeting these conditions is described potable, meaning that it may be consumed in any desired amount without giving any adverse effects to humans health (Cotruvo and Vogt, 1990). There is high interest on the quality of groundwater all over the world due to severe problems of water stress and deterioration of water quality. The quality of groundwater highly depends on the composition o, the mineralogy, recharging water and reactivity of the geological formations in aquifers, the impact of human and industrial activities and the environmental parameters that can bring effects to the geochemical mobility of certain substances (Kouras >et al., 2007). 2.2.1 Occurrence of groundwater Groundwater forms by part of the natural water cycle and constitutes a major portion of the cycle. Voids, spaces and cracks between particles of soil, sand, gravel, rock or other materials can be a stored place for groundwater (William >et al., 1993). Groundwater is occurred in various types of geological formation and exists in permeable geologic formation called aquifers which can store and transmit water. In many areas of the world, water does not flow in and is not stored in large underground lakes or rivers. It is stored in and moves slowly through the aquifer. Groundwater resources are underutilized in most parts of Malaysia (Jasni >et al., 2006). The hydrogeology of Peninsular Malaysia could be simplified and divided into 4 major aquifers that represent in Table 2.1. Table 2.1: Types of aquifers found in Malaysia (Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia, 2004) Types Description Aquifers in Alluvial Deposits Limestone/Carbonate Rock Aquifers Aquifers in Sedimentary and Volcanic Rocks Aquifers in Crystalline Igneous Rocks Aquifers in the alluvial deposits occur along the coastal zones of Malaysia and are made up of Quaternary deposits consisting of gravel, sand, silt and clay. The extent, nature and composition of the alluvium vary at different localities. This type of aquifer is made up of carbonate rocks (limestone and marble). The quality of the groundwater is generally good but has moderate to high total dissolved solids due to soluble bicarbonates. These aquifers are represented by fractures within sandstone, quartzite, conglomerate and volcanic rocks. The water from these aquifers is generally of medium to good quality. Fractures within crystalline rocks and associated rocks, form this type of aquifer. The quality of water is generally good to excellent with low total dissolved solids. Based on Wilson >et al. (1983), groundwater comprises water from springs or from wells and boreholes used to catch water from the aquifers by means of pumps. Deep wells or boreholes provide usually water of excellent bacteriological quality. Groundwater is therefore often used without any treatment, except physicochemical ones to reduce hardness or eliminate off flavors and odors. The water pumped from boreholes or shallow wells, however, is easily exposed to pollution and contamination. Depending on the type of aquifer, the type of soil and its protective effect against pollution, the physicochemical characteristics of the water, and the levels of the microbial flora may be very low (Bischofberger >et al., 1990). 105-107 cfu/mL of microbial flora have been reported. In such cases, microbial and chemical contaminants may reach groundwater sources through wells, due to infiltration, leakage of solids at the surface, leaks in pipelines, effects of agricultural treatments, cross contam ination between aquifers, water fluxes due to rainfalls, etc (Wilson >et al., 1983). According to Aastrup and Thunholm (2000), groundwater can be considered both as storage of metals, as the movement in the groundwater zone generally is quite slow, and as a transporting agent for metals. In natural ecosystems it is the only agent for horizontal transport within recharge areas. 2.3 Groundwater consumption in Malaysia As surface water is readily available throughout the year, it is abstracted mainly for irrigation and domestic uses. Some pockets of the coastal region and is generally exploited by rural people to supplement their piped water supply can limiting the groundwater potential. Surface water represents 97% of the total water use, while groundwater represents 3%. About 60-65% of groundwater utilization is for domestic and municipal purposes, 5% for irrigation and 30-35% for industry (FAO, 2007). 2.4 Groundwater contamination Since the beginning of this century, we have been living in a sophisticated chemical world (Goodarzi and Mukhopadhyay, 2000). Groundwater contamination can gives major implications to humans health and the environment in urban areas (Dechesne >et al., 2004). The groundwater beneath polluted urban areas may be contaminated by heavy metals and trace elements and may contain a wide variety of organic compounds, all of which have a major effect on the water supply and the environment (Vidal >et al., 2000). In this chemical world, the pollutants that occur in our environment can be classified into two categories that are natural and synthetic. The natural pollutants are derived from the decay of plant substances, flow of water through rocks that contain fossil fuel and transportation as air or water borne components derived from volcanic eruptions or forest fires. Similar compounds, as those released naturally, may also be derived as a synthetic by product from anthropogenic sources. Ther efore, pollutants can be derived from a number of two sources in a natural ecosystem especially in the aquatic regime. The sources of some of the pollutants are often difficult to predict and (Goodarzi and Mukhopadhyay, 2000). Goodarzi and Mukhopadhyay (2000) also claimed that the distribution of inorganic elements in the groundwater is universal. They occur as suspended particulates or dissolved as elements, ions, or complex molecules. Some of them are toxic and carcinogenic to humans and other biohabitats. Based on Zhang (1993), rapid industrial development in the last few years has added huge loads of pollutants to our groundwater aquifer. Diagomanolin >et al. (2004) also postulated that the progress of industries has led to increased emission of pollutants into ecosystems. Contaminants can differentiate as inorganic or organic chemicals, radionuclides, and microorganisms. Mineral based and do not contain carbon are called the inorganic mineral. They may occur naturally or enter the watershed from farming or industrial discharge. Examples of inorganic contaminants are lead, nitrates, and arsenic. Organic chemicals contain carbon and access the watershed from agricultural and industrial run off. Volatile organic chemicals are persistent in the environment and have been associated with cancer and neurological and reproductive health effects. Examples include gasoline and degreasing and dry cleaning solvents. There are over 30 standards for synthetic organic chemicals, many of which are pesticides (Afzal, 2006) Based on Leeuwen (2000), there are many sources of contamination of drinking water. Widely they can be categorized into two categories that are contaminants in ground and surface water. The sources for drinking water production and contaminants used or formed during the treatment and distribution of drinking water. Contaminants in ground and surface water will range from natural substances leaching from soil, run-off from agricultural activities, controlled discharge from sewage treatment works and industrial plants, and uncontrolled discharges or leakage from landfill sites and from chemical accidents or disasters. Contaminants that occurred naturally are predominantly formed by inorganic compounds such as arsenic and manganese, which are derived from natural mineral formations. Organic compounds, pesticides, disinfectants and disinfectant by products are usually introduced by anthropogenic activity. Out of these pollutants, heavy metals are of major concern because of their persistent and bioaccumulative nature. Heavy metal is one of the most serious inorganic contaminants in drinking water on a worldwide region (Smedley and Kinniburgh, 2002). These heavy metals can enter into the groundwater system by weathering and erosion or anthropogenic due to industrial processing, agricultural run off and sewage disposal (Kaushik >et al., 2009). Heavy metals concentration can increase due to the industrial effluents, non-point pollution sources, as well as atmospheric precipitation (Klavins >et al., 2000). The presence of toxic pollutants in groundwater has to be avoided in order to preserve the environmental quality because it can bring about significant changes in the properties of water resources (Natale >et al., 2008). Anthropogenic activity has often been the reason for the mobilization of natural heavy metal deposits (Vidal >et al., 2000). Heavy metal contamination in drinking water sources is known widely and has give effects to the population for many generations. Volcanic, geothermal and mining activities, in conjunction with evapoconcentration in the arid climate, are the well known causes for the increasing levels of heavy metal concentrations in groundwater (Karcher >et al., 1999). Heavy metals can be mobilized from initially inert minerals through mining activity. Acid drainage waters from mining areas can be highly enriched with toxic levels of heavy metals (Nordstrom >et al., 2000). 2.5 Mineral water Mineral water may represent a good source of nutrition which is necessary for the needs of human body (Ekmekcioglu, 2000). Mineral water always contains various minerals and trace elements (Saleh >et al., 2001), and can be defined as water containing minerals which are natural compounds formed through geological processes or other dissolved substances that alter its taste or give it therapeutic properties which gives good healing to any disease (Warburton >et al., 1992). Human beings required minerals for nutrition, growth, sustaining body functions and well being (Baba >et al., 2008). These minerals have various effects on the humans health (WHO, 2008). The demand for natural mineral waters is increasing due to the increasing of pollution in drinking water. The quality of drinking water is significant for health in both developing and developed countries worldwide (Cemek >et al., 2007). According to Wilson >et al. (1983), mineral water is drawn from underground sources such as a bor e holes or a springs. Mineral waters are different regarding to their composition and content in minerals. Natural mineral water that comes from the groundwater is the most valuable freshwater resource on the earth (Madan >et al., 1999) and it plays an important role in drinking water supply all over the world and is often preferred for drinking water supply and it deemed to be the best water for the consumption of human (Soltan, 1999). Natural mineral waters have long been used for medical purposes (Albu >et al., 1997). The term natural mineral water is defined as it originates in an underground water table or deposit, it differs from treated water in its original purity that is bacteriologically healthy and its content of minerals, trace minerals and other constituents, which must remain constant. Only natural mineral water has the characteristics that can benefits human health. Natural mineral water can be sparkling or still. During bottling, the carbon dioxide that causes carbonation also can be natural or added. Bottling is done at the source and treatments to make partial changes to the composition of or purify natural mineral water bacteriologically are prohibited (Cemek >et al., 2007). Mineral water run across highly mineralised rocks. The geological sources of natural mineral water are known as aquifers, which can be from different types, and they differ greatly in terms of their depth, horizontal extent, composition, and permeability. Water filtering underground flows slowly through deep permeable rocks and sediments and diffuses into the empty interstitial space of the rocks. Water picks up minerals and other elements depending on the chemical make-up of the strata while passing through the underground strata. This is why they have higher concentrations of minerals and trace minerals than other kinds of water (Botezatu >et al., 2005). According to Misund >et al. (1999), natural mineral water is characterized by its mineral content, trace elements or other constituents and, where appropriate, by certain effects, also by being in its original state, both conditions having been preserved intact because of the underground origin of the water which has been protected from all risk of pollution. The composition, temperature and other essential characteristics of natural mineral water must remain stable at source within the limits of natural fluctuation. In particular, they must not be affected by possible variations in the rate of flow. Mineral waters may be gaseous or non gaseous. Disinfections are not allowed in terms of treatment. The only treatment authorized is filtration or decanting and the addition or removal of carbon dioxide. Based on Petraccia >et al. (2006), mineral waters are of underground origin, protected from contamination, and microbiologically wholesome, present a peculiar and constant chemical composition, and have favorable effects on health. To ensure it is safe, they must be bottled at source and checked containers. Mineral water does not simply mean containing minerals in fact waters that run underground and are enriched with minerals by contact with rocks cannot be considered mineral waters unless they do not possess therapeutic properties. 2.6 Classification and characteristics of mineral waters Based on Petraccia >et al. (2006), natural mineral waters can be classified into potable waters, dietetic waters, and healing waters. Bottled dietetic waters showed that it can be used to restore salts and hydrate through experimental evidence and are useful in low sodium diets and provide the right calcium intake in particular conditions. Healing waters possess pharmacological and clinical properties related to prevention and treatment of specific pathologies. They are used in thermal establishments, under medical control, for drinking, irrigations, inhalations, and baths. The main classification parameters for mineral waters are rate of flow, temperature, freezing point, dry residues at 180oC, predominant ion composition, and predominant biological activity. The rate of flow of the spring must be stable, and ground water table must be deep, with a sufficiently large basin. Waters can be cold waters based on its temperature that is temperature at source up to 20oC and thermal water s that is temperature higher than 20oC. Based on the freezing point mineral waters are categorized into isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic. Freezing point is influenced by osmotic pressure and mineral concentration. Based on dry residues at 180oC that is total salts in grams after evaporation of 1 L mineral water at 180oC, waters can be divided based on their mineral contents. Table 2.2 shows the classification of mineral content in water whereas Table 2.3 shows the current Italian classification that is based on the predominant chemical elements resulting in the biological and healing effects of the mineral water. Table 2.2: Classification of mineral content in water (Petraccia >et al., 2006) Mineral content Dry residue (mg/l) Low >50 and Medium >500 and High >1500 Table 2.3: Current Italian classification (Petraccia >et al., 2006) Types Description Bicarbonate water bicarbonate content greater than 600mg/l Sulfate water sulfate content greater than 200mg/l Chlorinated water chloride content greater than 200mg/l Calcium water calcium content greater than 150mg/l Magnesium water magnesium content greater than 50mg/l