African American History Research Paper - 1044 Words

African American History Research Paper The history of West Africa has its inhabitant traces is almost 6000 years ancient, but the earliest human beings who came here first were almost 12000 BCE. The enhancement in the farming took place after the arrival of a modern ancestor in the fifth millennium. After making connections with other civilizations like Mediterranean ones, the development of iron industry took place in every use of daily life. The common or traditional business of trade for them consisted of cotton, leather, metals, gold against horses, clothes, copper, salt, etc. They were modifying their lifestyles and politics as more as they were coming closer to other communities of the world (Ajayi, 1970). The Sahelian kingdoms†¦show more content†¦In the beginning, the slaves brought to England were regarded as the housekeepers or obligated workers. Africans were captured by foreigners and locals like they were not humans and were brought to the outside world for trade. Here they were sold to perform different jobs as their master may require. They were sold to work in the fields of cocoa, coffee, tobacco, sugar, rice and were also forced to do work for industries and mines. But in about 17th century all this has gone worse than the past as masters hardened the slaves and the children of their slaves were also slaves to them legally. They could be sold like goods to anyone at any time. To break the chains of slavery Africans were trying hard and many foreigners were with them in bringing many revolutions in this regard. In England 1741, Negro Election Day started which was one of those steps of African toward freedom. The reason behind this day was the participation of black representative in a local election and their traditional costumes, dances, food, and parades were made on this day. They had the right to vote, which was not given in the past. Same like this was the Pinkster Day celebrated as a religious festival by the locals, but the Africans use it as a holiday to catch up with families and friends and have rest from tiring work routine. African Americas were not allowed to join Armed Forces but after the proclamation made by President Lincoln in 1862; blacks can also become the part of the army.Show MoreRelatedAfrican-American History Research Paper1812 Words   |  8 Pages: Question 1: Utilizing specific examples from both books, explain how the actions of African Americans damaged the institution of slavery and ultimately led to its demise. African Americans damages the institute of slavery by escaping and participating in rebellions. On average, 1,000 slaves escaped per year. They wanted freedom so bad that they took the chance of being caught and whipped by their masters. 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Mark s Student Profile And Case Study Essay - 1833 Words

Mark’s Student Profile and Case Study Nicole Barrett, Jaime Bell, Danielle Burns, Kristel Gallagher, and Brianne Panebianco Background Information: Mark Freeman is a nine year old fourth grade third month male student at Bill Clinton Elementary School. Mark was born on July 29, 2005. Mark is in a general education classroom, but is having difficulties in the areas of reading and writing. Marks classification is a specific learning disability in reading and writing. Mark’s health has always been in the normal range with no vision, hearing, or motor difficulties. Academic Information: Mark is a fourth grader in a general education classroom. The reason for this initial evaluation was that he was displaying difficulties in reading - especially vocabulary, reading, and comprehension – and in writing mechanics. He was given a variety of tests to evaluate his academic performance. A speech-language pathologist gave Mark the Test of Language Development-Intermediate: 3 (TOLD-1:3) to test different components of his spoken language skills. Mark performed within the average range on all the subtests. A school psychologist administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III, in which Mark performed within the average range. His standard score for Verbal IQ was 92, for Performance IQ he received a standard score of 107, and he got a standard Full Scale IQ score of 102. 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Context of Disorders of Consciousness †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Context of Disorders of Consciousness. Answer: Introduction This assignment will analyse case study 2, which explains the experience of Camilla when caring for Sam in the inner-city hospital. This paper will analyse the case study based on ethical theories, ethical principles, virtues ethics and professional requirements. Firstly, it has identified the abusive character of Sam and the application of restraints as the main ethical issues. Secondly, the ethical issues will be discussed from the perspective of deontology and egalitarianism as the alternative perspective. Thirdly, it will discuss the ethical issues in relation to respect for human dignity and human rights, my future professional code of ethics/conduct management, utilitarianism and three healthcare ethics including beneficence, non-maleficence and the respect for patient autonomy. Finally, it will recommend how health professionals can address the health issues. The first ethical issue in the selected case study is the abusive character of Sam. According to the case study, the medical team arrives to find Sam verbally abusing Camilla. The abusive behaviour triggers a negative feeling in providers especially when the patient appears inconsiderate. From an ethical perspective, Sam and Camilla have competing rights. There is the right of the provider to be safe and deliver care without danger and the right of Sam to receive the best possible treatment. In this case, there is no balance between these two rights. Literature suggests that health care providers experience violence often. Health professionals assert that it is demoralising to experience verbal abuse from patients (Stellenberg Dorse, 2014). The second ethical issue in this case study is placing Sam in restraints without addressing his concerns or accessing his condition. In fact, Julia argues that patients like Sam are a waste of time. This act can be termed as negligence since Sam requires treatment without discrimination. The public health ethics is instituted on a societal responsibility to protect and promote the health of the entire population (Buchanan, 2008). The ethical issues arise because there is a conflict between the duty to care vs. self-protection. Camilla seems concerned about the condition of Sam and is willing to perform her duty to care. On the other hand, Camilla is concerned about the safety of the other patients. A clear ethical perspective on the issues The ethical perspective on the ethical issues identified in the case study is deontology. The deontological ethics focus on the rightness or wrongness of an action, rather than the rightness or wrongness of the implication of that action. Based on the Kant perspective, some duties are absolute (Misselbrook, 2013). Hence, based on deontology, the goodness or badness of an action depends on whether the action that brought it was right or wrong (Morrison et al., 2014). Julia should not have recommended Sam to be placed in restraints and left unattended. Attempting to deliver care to Sam is more important than discontinuing the treatment. This kind of harm is unacceptable regardless of its consequence. In cases, the action may be appropriate for the patient but might not produce good results. The principle of deontology is encouraged in medical practice, and hence the relationship between a health professional and a client should be deontological. In the case study, placing Sam in constr aints is negligence and a breach of deontology management(Mandal et al., 2016). The right choice in an ethical situation is its conformity with a moral norm. Although autonomy is paramount in medical practice, Sam should have restrained himself from abusive and violent behaviour. Conclusively, the perspective of deontology requires providers to do good to all patients. The alternative perspective is the egalitarianism principle. Egalitarianism proposes equality of something and hence involves comparing two things. In the health context, egalitarianism is defined in terms of equal outcomes for different patients. As such, treatment should be equalised for patients across the population to realise equal outcomes (Absolo Tsuchiya, 2014). Individuals, who apply the egalitarian principle, favour equality of some kind. They note that people should receive same or be treated the same or as equals. This doctrine is founded on the background that all humans are equal in fundamental moral or worth status. Based on this principle, Sam should have been offered same treatment as the other patients regardless of his situation. Egalitarians hold five basic principles that guide their thoughts as well as actions. Firstly, egalitarians think that inequitable life prospects have to be equalised. Secondly, they hold that equality is among the most vital constructive or irreducible worth of justice. Thirdly, the welfare of individuals should be improved. Fourthly, that social justice is comparative. Fifthly, that unfairness occurs when advantages are denied in the name of promoting justice. Finally, that there are particular absolute humanitarian concepts such as autonomy and human dignity. As a result, the primary aim of equality is to compensate for individuals with difficult family conditions or poor endowments (Ekmeki Arda, 2015). Julia should thus advocate for the treatment of Sam because he is experiencing a challenging situation. Discuss the ethical issues from the perspective of: Human rights, including the right for every person to obtain the highest attainable standard of health, are founded on enhancing and promoting human dignity. As such, human rights and human dignity are directly related. The universal declaration of human rights (UDHR) recognises the intrinsic dignity as well as the equal and indefeasible rights of all people as the foundation of human rights (Chapman, 2015). Human rights are directly related to health (Freegard, 2012). Based on this analysis, Julia failed to observe human dignity and human rights by suggesting that Sam should be placed in constraints. Human right is profoundly linked to the concept of human rights. Due to this connection, health professionals cannot promote human rights without promoting human dignity. The concept of human rights is thought to be the basis of human rights. Health professionals have the challenge to observe human rights as well as human dignity since the patient might be restricted in expressing their dignity. A patient may be restricted to express their dignity because of their illness (Jones, 2015). Sam might be restricted to express his dignity because of his condition and the experience of substance abuse. Inhumane treatment of patient limits their right to receive the best possible care. For instance, restricting Sam would prevent him from receiving care. Human rights further protect the right of a person against discrimination, which has been applied towards Sam. Most professions contain, at least implicitly, a professional morality with standards of conduct that are acknowledged by those in the profession (Beauchamp Childress, 2012). The case study has triggered the need to observe professional codes of ethics, professional codes of conduct and legal requirements. In my future practice, I would value the quality of care for every patient, respect and kindness for others. Valuing the quality of care entails nurses embracing accountability for the standard of care delivered, assisting to improve the standard of care and taking action when the standard of care is unacceptable (Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2008). The nursing role, in this case, includes the role to question and report unethical treatment and behaviour. In the case of Sam, I would report his unethical behaviour and also question the unethical action taken by Julia. On the other hand, valuing respect for others entails valuing the moral worth and dignity of others. K indness demonstrates acts of gentleness and consideration for others. I would be considerate when taking the vital signs of Sam and attempt to understand his situation. On the professional code of conduct management, I would observe the conduct statement four according to the NMBA. This conduct statement requires nurses to respect the dignity, values, culture, ethnicity and beliefs of people getting treatment and care. Besides, nurses should promote the interest of the patients and offer care without inflicting any harm. Based on the professional code of conducts and ethics, my future practice would be guided by the virtues of gentleness, compassion, humaneness and considerateness. One ethical theory I have studied in this unit In this section, I will use the ethical theory of utilitarianism to analyse the ethical issues in the case study. The utilitarianism theory is also referred as consequentiality since the result of an action determines its morality (Tordjman, 2017). Utilitarians select a decision that would result in the greatest benefit for a large number of people. In the case study, Julia decided to have Sam placed in constraints so that the available staff would focus on caring for the other patients. Julias decision might cause harm to Sam, but the result would be a maximum benefit since the staff would care for other patients who are cooperative. Literature suggests that utilitarianism is founded on the calculated harm or benefits for a decision (Petrini, 2010). Utilitarianism can either be rule utilitarianism or act utilitarianism (Playford, 2015). Act utilitarianism occurs when a decision is made after the potential harm and benefit are calculated. This kind of utilitarianism results in a good outcome. Current and past evidence might be used when determining the plausible benefits and harms of an action. However, resources and time are wasted when this kind of decision-making process is adopted. Contrarily, in rule utilitarianism, a decision is made without considering the potential benefits or harms. The situation portrayed by Camilla indicates that the harms and benefits of placing Sam in constraining were not considered. The principles of health care ethics that apply to the ethical issues in the case study are beneficence, respect for patient autonomy and non-maleficence. Julia failed to promote the principle of beneficence when reviewing the issue of Sam. Beneficence is considered to mean doing good and the promotion of charity and kindness. Also, it is considered as an action that is done to benefit others. In medical ethics, beneficence is the principle of requiring that providers deliver positive benefits like good health and prevent harm. Under beneficence, health professionals must assist patients physically, morally and psychologically (Mawere, 2012). Non-maleficence is another health care principle that is depicted in the ethical issues. Non-maleficence implies "first do no harm". This principle can be achieved by careful decision making based on the presenting situation (Avasthi, 2013). In the case of Sam, it is evident that the virtue of non-maleficence was ignored. Camilla expressed her concerns that Sam might hurt himself due to the decision made by Julia. The last health ethics that applies to the ethical issues is the respect for patient autonomy. Respect for patient autonomy allows patients to make decisions about the treatment they will receive (Entwistle, 2010). All decisions should involve the patient since they are the ones who would be affected. In the selected case study, Sam was not involved in the decision-making process. Recommendations for professional practice Health professionals experience numerous challenges when managing violent and verbally abusive patients. In the case study two, the health professionals should identify the root cause of Sams behaviour and work to address it. Verbal abuse in a healthcare setting should be viewed as a symptom of the problem. For instance, Sam has a history of substance abuse, which might be the cause of his behaviour. The providers can acquire robust skills in conflict resolution. Additionally, they require dedicated personnel in the inner-city hospital which can be called to help resolve heated conflicts. In the current situation, the health professionals should attempt to establish a balance between the need for the safety of the health provider and the right of the patient. Thus, they should try to negotiate and compromise to accommodate Sam in the hospital. The hospital administration can also adopt zero tolerance workplace principle (Morrison et al., 2014). The safe environment should however not be compromised in the facility. Conclusion As discussed in this paper, the abusive character is a major ethical issue in the healthcare settings. The application of constraints for a patient who requires investigation for acute abdominal pain is also an ethical issue. These ethical issues can be solved by establishing a balance between the respect for patient autonomy, the duty of care and safety of the provider. In my future practice, I would observe the virtues of gentleness, compassion, humaneness and considerateness. This paper recommends the inner-city hospital to have dedicated personnel who can solve conflicts. The health professionals can also acquire robust conflict resolution skills to help in caring for verbally abusive and violence patients such as Sam. References Absolo, I., Tsuchiya, A. (2014). Egalitarianism and altruism in health: some evidence of their relationship. International journal for equity in health, 13(1), 13. Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008). Code of ethics for nurses and midwives in Australia. ACT: Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council. Avasthi, A., Ghosh, A., Sarkar, S., Grover, S. (2013). Ethics in medical research: General principles with special reference to psychiatry research. Indian journal of psychiatry, 55(1), 86. Beauchamp, T. L., Childress, J. F. (2012). Principles of Biomedical Ethics (7th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press ?Berglund, C. (2012). Ethics for health care. (4thed.). South Melbourne: Oxford? Buchanan, D. R. (2008). Autonomy, paternalism, and justice: ethical priorities in public health. American Journal of Public Health, 98(1), 15-21. Butts, J. Rich, K. (2016). Nursing Ethics: Across the Curriculum and Into Practice. (4thed). Burlington MA: Jones Bartlett Learning Sydney: The Federation Press. Chapman, A. (2015). The Foundations of a Human Right to Health: Human Rights and Bioethics in Dialogue. Health Human Rights: An International Journal, 17(1). Ekmeki, P., Arda, B. (2015). Luck Egalitarianism, Individual Responsibility and Health. Balkan medical journal , 32 (3), 244-254. Entwistle, V., Carter, S., Cribb, A., McCaffery, K. (2010). Supporting patient autonomy: the importance of clinician-patient relationships. Journal of general internal medicine , 25 (7), 741-745. Freegard, H. (2012). Ethical practice for health professionals. (2nded.). Melbourne: Cengage. Available at: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/acu/detail.action?docID=4814208 ? Jones, D. (2015). Human Dignity in Healthcare: A Virtue Ethics Approach. The New Bioethics , 21 (1), 87-97. Mandal, J., Ponnambath, D., Parija, S. (2016). Utilitarian and deontological ethics in medicine. Tropical parasitology , 6 (1), 5. Mawere, M. (2012). Critical reflections on the principle of beneficence in biomedicine. Pan African Medical Journal, 11(1). Misselbrook, D. (2013). Duty, Kant, and deontology. Br J Gen Pract, 63(609), 211-211. Morrison, E. E. Furlong, B. (2014). Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues for the 21st Century. (3rdEd.). Sudbury. MA: Jones and Bartlett. ? Petrini, C. (2010). Theoretical models and operational frameworks in public health ethics. International journal of environmental research and public health , 7 (1), 189-202. Playford, R., Roberts, T., Playford, E. (2015). Deontological and utilitarian ethics: a brief introduction in the context of disorders of consciousness. Disability and rehabilitation , 37 (21), 2006-2011. Stellenberg, E. L., Dorse, A. J. (2014). Ethical issues that confront nurses in private hospitals in the Western Cape Metropolitan area. Curationis, 37(1), 01-09. Tordjman, G. (2017). Issues in Bioethics: A Brief History and Overview. Issues in Bioethics , 1-77.

What is the offering concept free essay sample

An offering consists of the benefits or satisfaction provided to target markets by an organization. It consists of a tangible product or service (a physical entity) plus related services (delivery and setup), brand name(s), warranties or guarantees, and packaging. Focusing on the term offering rather than just the product or service forces the marketer to go beyond the single tangible entity being marketed and to consider the entire offering, or extended product or service. When the focus is on the benefits and satisfaction offered it establishes a conceptual framework. Marketers can then potentially use this framework to analyze competing offerings, identify the unmet needs and wants of target markets, and develop or design new products or services. Offerings illustrate not only the buyer needs served, but they are also the types of customer groups sought and the means for satisfying their needs. Dr. Pepper/Seven Up are consistently ranked among the top-ten soft drink brands in the United States as measured by market share. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the offering concept? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their biggest competitors are Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola. Within the citrus-flavored soft drink category Squirt competes with; Coca-Colas Mello Yello and Surge, Pepsi-Colas Mountain Dew, and Sundrop marketed by Dr. Pepper/Seven Up. The Squirt Brand, a product of Dr. Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. , has had a recent dip in case sales volume. Some potential causes of this dip could come from a growing Hispanic community in markets where Squirt was popular. This issue means that Dr. Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. , should review their current offering and determine what the unmet needs or wants are of the target market. In this case, the research has shown that a potential problem could lie in the recent growth of the Hispanic community and maybe the advertisement of the Squirt Brand is not reaching this market. Once the unmet needs or wants are identified the organization will need to develop a plan to get the awareness of the brand out there and show the target market how the Squirt Brand will benefit the consumer. This not only includes the packing and distribution but, the Squirt brand management team should find a way to create an emotional link through advertisement. This emotional link could be met by reminding the target market of Hispanics from Mexico about Squirt. Research had shown that Squirt was already available in Mexico, but not through Dr. Pepper/Seven Up. This link however, could possibly leverage the popularity of the Squirt Brand in the United States if the advertisement of the offering is out there and visible to the target market. All of these factors must be consider with the offering concepts for Dr. Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. , especially concerning the Squirt brand. The changing demographics of the United States means the wants and needs that were previously being met will need to be updated to ensure the largest target markets wants and needs are met which will benefit the organization by increasing Squirt case sales volume. These unmet wants and needs could affect everything from advertising to distribution to the packaging of the product. Bottom of Form 2. How would you characterize the competitive situation for Dr. Pepper/7up, Inc. and Squirt in the U. S. carbonated soft drink industry? In 2000, Americans consumed 53 gallons of soft drinks per person, compared with about 47 gallons in 1990. This increase came from population growth compounded by rising per capita consumption. The increase produced an estimated $60. 3 billion in carbonated soft drink retail sales in 2000. Within the soft drink industry in the United states there are three major participants. They are concentrate producers, bottlers, and retail outlets. Concentrate producers manufacture the basic flavors for sale to bottlers, which add a sweetener to carbonated water and package the beverage in bottle and cans, which are then sold to retailers. The three major concentrate producers in the United States are; The Coca-Cola Company, The Pepsi-Cola Company, and Dr. Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. The bottlers are able to meet the target more locally whereas the concentrate producers tend to focus more on the brand as a whole or nationwide. These advertising and promotion programs can however, be negotiated (R. Kerin amp; R. Peterson, 2010). Reference: Kerin Roger A. , Peterson Robert A. , (2010) Strategic Marketing Problems, Twelfth Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Bottom of Form 3. What are the possible new offering decisions for Squirt Brand? The Squirt Brand was presented with new offering decisions dealing with Squirt Brand. Cadbury Schweppes PLC acquired the brand in 1994 and addressed Squirts positioning with Foot, Cone, amp; Belding (FCB). They all agreed that Squirts unique thirst-quenching attribute should be the dominant dimension upon which to build the brand. When Cadbury Schweppes PLC acquired Dr. Pepper/Seven Up, in 1995, they asked FCB to revise its creative strategy. Squirt did a revision to focus on every day, on-the-go experiences. In 2000, Coca-Cola introduced Citra and again Squirts positioning and creative execution was revisited but, no changes were made. After a consumer research in 2001, Squirts brand management team requested the formal positioning. However, prior to deciding on a new offering the marketers must consider and monitor target markets and the offerings to determine when the new offerings should be introduced and if existing offerings should be modified or eliminated. When considering new offerings, three questions need to be answered. First, how consistent is the new offering with existing offerings? Second, does the organization have the resources to introduce and sustain the offering? Third, is there a viable market for the offering? The new offerings presented by FCB included refining Squirts target market and positioning. FCB recommended that Squirt target multicultural, 18- to 24-year-olds who were in that transition stage into adulthood but, still want to make the most out of life, work hard, and play even harder. They presented the following formal positioning statement: For young multicultural adults who thrive on the excitement and spontaneity of living up to the max, Squirt citrus soda fuels your thirst for living life loud, with an exhilarating taste thats powerfully thirst-quenching. This statement continued to emphasize Squirts thirst-quenching benefit but, changed the target market due to the large and growing Hispanic population in the U. S. Kate Cox, the brand manager at Dr. Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. , reviewed the information provided by FCB and asked Jaxie Stollenwerck, the associate brand manager, to prepare a profile of Hispanic and African American consumers in the U. S. Upon the completion of Jaxies research, Kate assembled the Squirt brand management team to discuss and to begin drafting the annual advertising and promotion plan for Squirt. She emphasized that her strategic intent was to lay a solid foundation for Squirts future growth with the current years advertising and promotion plan. Since, FCB focused on market targeting and positioning she wanted to present the possible offerings first. After all the research she concluded there were three general options that existed. First, they could stay with the present market targeting and positioning strategy. Second, they could proceed with the market targeting and positioning strategy recommendation made by FCB. Third, they could develop another market targeting and positioning strategy, which might or might not include elements of the current and recommended strategy. She wanted to ensure the brand management team considered what role the multicultural market for carbonated soft drinks, the grapefruit/citrus category, and Squirt played in formulating a market targeting and positions strategy and implementing the advertising and promotion plan for all the possible offerings decisions. Also, when focusing on the offerings a few other options and/or variables needed to be considered. First, how will a multicultural marketing mind-set guide the overall planning process itself. Second, if they choose to focus on multicultural 18- to 24-year-olds, what might they need to do differently than if they simply focused on 18- to 24-year-olds in general or even stay with their current target 18- to 34-year-olds (R. Kerin amp; R. Peterson, 2010). Reference: Kerin Roger A. , Peterson Robert A. , (2010) Strategic Marketing Problems, Twelfth Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Bottom of Form 4. Given your assessment of the competitive situation, what are the pros and cons of: (a) continuing Squirts present market targeting and positioning approach and (b) adopting the recommendations made by Foote, Cone amp; Belding? The competitive situation for Dr. Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. , places them as third when it comes to carbonated soft drinks. They only have two carbonated soft drink brands in the top-ten brands which does not include the Squirt Brand. Squirt competes with Coca-Colas Mello Yello and Pepsi-Colas Mountain Dew in the citrus-flavored soft drink category. When it comes to carbonated grapefruit soft drinks the Squirt Brand ranks the highest. If Squirt continues with its present market targeting and positioning approach their total case sales volume will continue to decrease. This could be based on the significant change in the target market over the past few years and the expected continuance of change that is projected to occur. The change is due to an increase of the Hispanic demographic group that Squirt may not be currently marketing to through advertisements and promotions. However, they do have loyalty to the consumers that are purchasing Squirt over other carbonated soft drinks. This consumer base though is not producing the case sales volume that Squirt needs to be competitive with other soft drink brands that are in the citrus-flavored market such as, Coca-Cola who produces Mello Yello and Pepsi-Cola who produces Mountain Dew. In 1999, Squirts case sales volume was 56 million with a decrease to 54. 6 million in 2000. Compared to Mountain Dews case sales volume increase of 16. 8 cases from 1999 to 2000. These statistics show that the pros to continuing to use the current approach and positioning do not outweigh the cons and therefore, Squirt needs to consider some other approaches to remain competitive in this market. However, the pros also do not outweigh the cons of the recommendation by Foote, Cone amp; Belding (FCB). If Squirt adopts the recommendation made by FCB in its entirety they are faced with losing their current customer base or even potentially constricting Squirts target market by focusing only on a particular group of people. A pro of this recommendation however, is that it does capture the growing demographic segment of the United States. This demographic segment is only expected to continue to grow and if the new approach and positioning is successful there is a potential for a dramatic increase in case sales volume over the next few years. This does however, present the problem of limiting the target market and possibly requiring another formal positioning review to be conducted in the near future to determine if repositioning is required. Repositioning is needed when a product, service, brand or organization is no longer competitively sustainable or profitable. This takes time and money and considering that Squirt is roughly ninth in the company brand portfolio the Squirt brand management team needs to ensure they take the correct approach and position with their product. The best approach for Squirt would to keep eliminates of each position that would benefit the Squirt brand and combine them to effectively meet all target market needs and wants. Maintaining a commitment to an already loyal customer base but, also equally romoting the brand to a new target market to increase the consumer knowledge of the brands benefits and satisfaction successfully meet the goals of the Squirt brand management team, as well as, the Dr. Pepper/Seven Up, Inc. , as a whole (R. Kerin amp; R. Peterson, 2010). Reference: Kerin Roger A. , Peterson Robert A. , (2010) Strategic Marketing Problems, Twelfth Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Bottom of Form 5. Might another market targeting and positioning approach be developed? If so, what would this approach look like, and why would it be preferable? Another market targeting and position approach for Squirt to take would be to combine the current and the recommended strategy of Foot, Cone amp; Belding (FCB). This would be a preferable approach because instead of focusing on the Hispanic group and decreasing the age segment from 18- to 34-year-olds to 18- to 24-year-olds it would place more of an emphasis on the growing Hispanic population but, also still attract the age group they currently serve has a target market. There is also the possibility of making the age range larger by focusing some promotions or advertisements towards even younger customers. This doesnt eliminate Squirts current customers but, also adds to the target market they are trying to reach. The relative youthfulness of the Hispanic population is reflected in its population under age 18 and its median age. The population in the United States under 18 in 2000 was 25. 7 percent and 35 percent of Hispanics were under 18. The median age for Hispanics was 25 and 35. 3 years for the entire United States population in 2000 therefore, if the target market is 18- to 24-year-olds as recommended by FCB then Squirt would be missing a large portion of the United States population as a whole and within the Hispanic population. This could possibly work against what Squirt is trying to achieve and potentially limit the target market to the point of even causing a decrease in case sales volume. If Squirt began focusing a few more promotions in the Hispanic communities around the United States, such as in New York, California, Arizona, and Texas but, also continue to remain committed to the market they currently serve I believe there would be an increase in case sales volume. Squirt could also even begin promoting to target markets beginning with a ounger age range since a large percentage of the United States population is under 18 including 35 percent of Hispanics. This is a target market Squirt should consider since the Hispanic population is only expected to continue to grow. Younger consumers may be an area for Squirt to consider also because teens and young adults are generally heavier consumer of regular soft drinks. This information is vital because research has shown that this is the primary audience for the soft drink market because taste and brand preferences are formed between 12 and 24 years of age. Targeting a younger age range could encourage brand loyalty that would create a deep psychological bond with the Squirt brand which consumers could continue to purchase throughout their life. This is preferable because not only will Squirt continue to remain committed to their current consumer market but, it will also open up the doors to a Hispanic community as well as younger consumers. The purpose of the FCB formal positioning review was to determine possible causes for the decrease in sales. Rather than ditching their current approach and position completely, if Squirt implemented a few recommendations from the FCB they would lay a solid foundation for Squirts future growth (R. Kerin amp; R. Peterson, 2010). Reference: Kerin Roger A. , Peterson Robert A. , (2010) Strategic Marketing Problems, Twelfth Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Bottom of Form 6. Where does Squirt Brand get its brand equity from? Explain your answer. Brand equity is the added value a brand name bestows on a product or service beyond the functional benefits provided. It has two distinct marketing advantages for the brand owner. First, brand equity provides a competitive advantage and second, consumers are often willing to pay a higher price for a product or service. Brand equity is represented as the premium a consumer will pay for one brand over another when the functional benefits provided are identical. However, brand equity is not easy to develop and consists of four steps. First, is to develop positive brand awareness and an association of the brand in consumers minds with a product class or need to give the brand an identity. The Squirt Brand began in 1938 and with World War II the low sugar content appealed to bottlers because of the restriction on sugar rations. In 1977, Squirt was purchased by Brooks Products, and they reformulated squirt, updated the logo, and positioned the brand as a mainstream soft drink. Second, a marketer must establish a brands meaning in the minds of consumers. Meaning arises from what a brand stands for and has two dimensions-a functional, performance-related dimension and an abstract, imagery-related dimension. Comparing this definition to the Squirt Brand, the brands meaning is thirst-quenching that benefits average every day, on-the-go adults. When establishing brand equity the third step is to elicit the proper consumer responses to a brands identity and meaning. This brings attention to how the consumers think and feel about a brand. Thinking focuses on the brands perceived quality, credibility, and superiority relative to other brands. Feeling relates to the consumers emotional reaction to a brand. In mid-1995 the Squirt Brand revised its creative strategy to focus more on a believability issue. So, rather than focusing on hip, cool, experiential nature of young adults it changed its creative strategy that portrayed spunky, lively, sociable, colorful, and music-driven advertisements. They also narrowed their target market from 18-44 year olds to 18-34 year olds. Consumer research showed that Squirt scored higher on their thirst-quenching attribute compared to other brands and the advertising of Squirt effectively communicated the intended fun and thirst-quenching message, portrayed Squirt users in an interesting, unique, and involving manner, and engaged the target audience with music. One negative from the research suggested that some consumers felt that some aspects of the commercials were juvenile. Although, the history of the brand name and the benefits it provides it consumers have kept the Squirt Brand competitive with sales exceeding preacquisition levels since 1995. The final step to brand equity is the most difficult. It is to create a consumer-brand resonance evident in an intense, active loyalty relationship between consumers and the brand. A deep psychological bond characterizes consumer-brand resonance and the personal identification consumers have with the brand. The Squirt Brand has been around since 1938 when it was first introduced by Herb Bishop. The loyalty began because it contained less sugar and with World War II this benefitted the bottler since there was a ration on sugar. In the 1950s, it became a mixers and by the 1970s it was introduced to Central and South America. When the brand was purchased in 1977 by Brooks Products, Squirt was reformulated, the logo was updated, the brand was positioned as a mainstream soft drink. By 1995, with the acquisition of Dr. Pepper/Seven Up Companies, Inc. , Squirt became part of larger company and the manufacturing, marketing, and distribution increased. This increased the sales of Squirt from 51. 1 million in 1994 to 55. 8 million in 1996. The Squirt Brand has been around for generations and the bond could come from what people grew up drinking and seeing their parents or grandparents drink. This is especially important since taste and brand preferences are formed between 12 and 24 years of age.

Ozymandias C. Despair Essays - Fiction, Literature, Imagination

Ozymandias C. Despair Ozymandias C. Despair changed from the feeling that the greatness statue would inspire despair in others through fear but it did the opposite, the passers by feel despair for the statue in it wrecked stat, it is situational irony. Hardness scale D. These lines are a description of a specific event between woman and her husband or lover. The specific event is a symbol for the entire relationship between the man and the woman. The man goes off and is irresponsible in this situation and in life and get's into trouble mostly because of drink, and then uses the woman to help him. He tries to smooth over his taking advantage of her by using words of praise but only tends to harden the woman emotions. LV C. The allusion in the first line is that the person in the poem will eventually rise to judge and be judged in an almost biblical sense, of the ultimate judgement of life. Last poem D. This line tells of how wildmen cherish the sun for what it is but only learned how important it really is when it leaves. This symbolizes the choice of man throughout history, the idea is that people celebrate what they have but rarely totally understand the significance of what they have until its gone or leaving. This is a lesson for man to look at what they have understand it's important and truly appreciate all we have. Poetry Essays

The 5 Easiest AP Exams to Self-Study

The 5 Easiest AP Exams to Self-Study SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Once you’ve decided to self-study for an AP, you’ll need to choose an exam that’s right for you. With dozens of potential choices, it might seem overwhelming. I can demystify the choice for you. First, I’ll give you four important things to consider when you make your choice. Then, I’ll list the five easiest APs toself-study. After that, I’ll touch on some other solid self-study choices, and wrap up with a few AP exams you should NOT try to study for on your own. How to Choose WhichAP Exam to Self-Study There are four things to consider when selecting whichAP exam you want to prepare for on your own. Consideration 1: What's the Course Workload? The less material covered by the course, the less you will need to study to ace the exam. It makes sense to choose an AP that is narrower in scope instead of a behemoth. Let’s say you want to self-study a science AP; all things being equal, it’s going to be better for you to choose a comparatively content-light course like AP Environmental Science than a content-heavy class like AP Chemistry. (Also, don’t self-study AP Chemistry. More on this later.) If you aren’t sure how much work is involved in learning all the material for a given AP, ask friends, ask the internet, ask teachers...you get the idea. You can also look on the College Board’s individual AP course pages. On each â€Å"Course Overview† page, you’ll find a link to a document that describes the general scope of the course as well as the format of the exam. Consideration 2: How Conceptual Is The Material? Does the exam involve applying a lot of abstract and theoretical concepts, or is it primarily based on memorization? Memorization can be kind of tedious, but it’s often easier to learn this kind of material on your own than to teach yourself to understand, say, particle physics. So try to look for APs that are not overly conceptual. This is why I generally don’t advise people to self-study for math APs, with the possible exception of statistics. Generally, a course weighted more towards memorization as opposed to complex concepts is probably better for self-study. Weighing the options. Consideration 3: How Full Is Your Schedule? You probably already thought aboutyour course schedule when you first considered self-studying for an AP exam to make sure you would have enough time for the extra work. This is all well and good, but you shouldalso consider your schedule whenchoosing the actual exam to self-study. There are a few AP exams that might overlap with your high school coursework even if you aren’t in that specific AP class. You might consider self-studying one of these: One notable example of this is biology. If you are in an honors biology class, you might consider self-studying for AP biology because you will onlyneed to supplement what you are learning in class with any additional competencies necessary for the AP exam. (See the College Board’s helpfulcourse and exam description for AP Biology.) Another common course to take the AP for when you are taking the honors class is US History. Again, you’ll need to learn additional information, but you’ll be learning a lot of the material anyways in your non-AP US History class. You’ll just need to learn some extra information and do some dedicated exam prep. (This is what I did, and I got a 5 on APUSH without a crazy amount of outside studying.) If you are a particularly strong student in English, you might also consider self-study in one or both of the English APs while you are in an honors English class (I did this with AP Language and Composition). This could be a little trickier because it’s very important to be able to get feedback from a knowledgeable person about any practice essays you are writing, but if you have a supportive teacher or mentor, it can definitely work. Consideration 4: What Are Your Strengths? If you are going to self-study for an exam, it makes the most sense to choose a subject you are good at and enjoy. If you rock at social studies, choose a social studies AP. If science is your jam, choose a science AP (but not AP Chemistry or AP Physics! Don’t do it.) And so on.It will help you stay motivated if you actually like the subject. Don’t try to self-study an exam in a subject you hate, even if the exam has a reputation for being an easy self-study choice. If you already have a special skill tested by an AP examforeign languages and computer science come to mindit might make sense to self-study for that AP. You will need to make sure you fill any gaps in your knowledge and are prepared for the exam format, but it’s a good way to make the most of your own personal resources and skills. With these four factors in mind, we can move on to my recommendations for the best five AP exams for relatively painless self-study. The best self-study choice will be almost as easy as pie! But less delicious. 5 Best AP Exams To Self-Study Let's go through a few of the easiest APs to self-study. AP Environmental Science AP Environmental Science is a hugely popular self-study option, and with good reason. The test is considered to be fairly easy, and the coursework assumes no prior knowledge in any environmental sciences, so the material is not particularly advanced. There is some course material about experimental design, some basic statistics for reading charts and tables, and some historical/environmental trend information. Many questions on the test focus on cause-effect relationships. This is going to be a solid choice for anyone who is good at science or history and needs something relatively quick and easy. AP Human Geography This is another popular self-study exam with a reputation for fairly easy material that’s limited in scope. The test is on the short side, clocking in at only 2 hours and 15 minutes with 75 multiple choice questions and 3 â€Å"constructed responses.† Human Geo is essentially a soft-sciences course about how societies develop; think anthropology. To be successful, you’ll need to do some memorization of facts/dates/etc., perform some analysis/synthesis of how cultures came to be and how they might develop, and learn some specialized vocab. AP Psychology This test is a self-study home run.If you want to self-study AP Psychology, you’ll need to learn some psychological concepts and memorize details about some notable scientists in the field as well assome seminal experiments. You’ll also need to learn some discipline-specific vocab. The test is short, tooonly 2 hourswith 100 multiple-choice and two free-response questions. Free-response questions are known for being fairly straightforward. AP US Government and Politics and AP Comparative Government and Politics Both the politics exams are decent self-study APs. You probably already have some background knowledge in US Government and Politics from years of US History coursework, plus the exam is fairly narrow in scope. Comparative Government is a little harder to self-study for just because there’s likely to be more material you aren’t familiar with, but it’s still pretty manageable. The rare self-studying jellyfish, exploring the ocean on her own. Other Good AP Exams to Self-Study Some exams aren’t quite universal self-study slam dunks, but if you have a proclivity for a certain subject, a particular interest, or some prior knowledge, they canstill be good choices for you. This is particularly true if, for whatever reason, the thought of self-studying Psychology, Environmental Science, Human Geography, or Government and Politics is tedious and repugnant to you. AP Economics Exams: AP Macroeconomics and AP Microeconomics Macroeconomics deals with overall economics systems while Microeconomics examines the economy from the perspective of smaller actors within the system. You will need to learn concepts for this course, and there is some basic math, but they are often seen as good self-study options because each exam has a fairly limited scope, and there is some overlap in material. Especially if you took the class for one, you might consider self-studying for the other. Additionally, self-study students found it fairly easy to prepare for the FRQs by looking at old tests. AP Biology The general consensus is that taking onAP Biology self-study with no previous bio coursework is not a good idea, but that if you have taken or are taking honors biology, it can be a solid choice. There’s definitely a lot of content to cover and a lot to memorize, but if it’s a subject you are very gifted in/are very interested in, it could be worth it. AP US History Self-studying for APUSH is considered easier than self-studying for most of the other history APs because most American students will already have some background knowledge in US history. The scope of information is also narrower than AP European or AP World History, so there’s less to learn! It’s going to be more content-heavy than something like AP Environmental Science, but definitely doable. AP English Language and Composition and AP English Literature and Composition If you have a particular proclivity for English, one (or even both) of the English APs could be a good self-study choice for you. The most important skill you will need to work on is timed analytical essay writing, so your self-study way will be much smoother if you have a teacher or other knowledgeable person willing to look over your practice essays. You don't have to self-study in an empty stadium...unless you want to. Do Not Try To Self-Study These AP Exams There are three AP subject areas in particular that are not very well-suited to self-study. These are the APs that are the both very conceptual AND content-heavy in nature. In these cases, having an instructor and a structured class tends to be very important for learning and understanding. I strongly advise you not to self-study for any of the following exams: AP Calculus AB andBC Calculus is hard to learn. This is because it introduces concepts that are very different fromany math class that comes before it; in a lot of ways it involves a massive recalibration of your brain’s understanding of math. It is likely that, in the course of learning calculus concepts, you will get very confused, and this is why it is essential to have a good teacher. In the immortal words of the Legend of Zelda:it’s dangerous to go alone. You will be very frustrated if you try to self-study AP Calculus. AP Chemistry The AP Chemistry class is known for having a high workload, and it'sanother course where the guidance of a good teacher is very important. In addition to there being a lot of content to learn, you will need to understandlots of concepts and problem-solving methods to do well on the exam. Having a class to keep you on track and a teacher to explain material you don’t understand is going to be essential for most people to succeed on the exam. AP Physics AP Physics is a double-whammy, with a lot of math and science concepts to learn. The exams (there are four!) themselves are known for being particularly difficult, even for those who do well in a structured course. Self-studying for this exam is not an efficient use of your time.Even if you were able to do well, you would most likely need to self-study for many more hours than you would in a guided course to achieve the same level of mastery. It's dangerous to go alone! Here, take this. And an AP class. Look, I don’t want to tell you what you can and can’t do. Maybe you’re the next Isaac Newton, and you’ve been learning derivatives since you were a wee child; maybe Richard Feynman was your grandpa, and he taught you physics in the cradle. In that case, self-study for one of these APs if you feel you must. For most people, however; even very smart people, the entire experience of learning these subjects will be much more pleasant and effective, not to mention more efficient time-wise, if you learn it in a classroom and not by yourself. Also, the intensity of these classes makes them a bonding experience! The people in my Calculus BC crew became some of my favorite high school classmates. Key Takeaways What makes an AP exam easy to self-study will vary somewhat from person to person, but, in general, AP exams with a narrower scope, without too many complex concepts, and insubject areas where you have special interests or talents will be the best choices for self-study. The five easiest exams for self-study, in general, are AP Environmental Science, AP Human Geography, AP Psychology, AP US Government and Politics, and AP Comparative Government and Politics. A number of other exams may also be good choices depending on your situation. However, you should NOT try to self-study for AP Calculus AB or BC, AP Chemistry, or any of the AP Physics exams! If you keep these tips in mind, you will be able to choose the right AP exam to self-study for with ease! What's Next? When you're ready to start self-studying, see my article on how to self-study for an AP exam. If you'd really like to take an accredited AP course, but you can't make it workwith your schedule, or your school doesn't offer it, consider AP online courses- we can guide you in the right direction, towards the best and worst online AP classes. Taking the ACT or SAT? Let us revealthe secret to getting a perfect score. Did you know the SAT haschanged? Check out our complete guide to the new SAT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

LEVEL 4 VTCT BEAUTY THERAPY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LEVEL 4 VTCT BEAUTY THERAPY - Essay Example e salon is a safe place for all, and that by default the practices in the salon will not lead to accidents or pose health, safety and security risks to customers and employees. These are   fundamental to business practice The justifications for such recommendations and proposals stem from the need to secure the salon and to make it safe, primarily because accidents and harm to customers can result in lawsuits, loss of trust, the tarnishing of the image of the salon, and even business closure and loss of revenues.    Compliance with the law ensures that practices relating to safety, security and health meet legal standards and regulatory standards. This is good business practice that can protect the salon from lawsuits and regulatory fines and problems. What can happen when regulations and the law are not followed is that the salon can be subjected to lawsuits and legal problems that can hamper operations. Also, these translate to shortcomings that can be used against the salon by customers in cases of legal and regulatory disputes. A good way to manage improvements is to benchmark processes versus a checklists of compliance targets, and those targets must meet minimum legal and regulatory standards for such points of compliance. The checklists must be strict and that post-implementation measures to measure compliance must be put in place to gauge whether the compliance activities led to adequate compliance with such minimum standards. The regular evaluation of salon health, security and safety measures acts as a kind of regular audit of how well the salon is implementing procedures and measures to ensure those, and how well the work processes of the salon meet minimum regulatory and legal standards for compliance. As well, the idea is to exceed those minimum standards. This acts as a kind of health check for the salon, to make sure that it does not slide downwards in terms of its security, health and safety standards and practices. Written communication modes

Assignment (Economics) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

(Economics) - Assignment Example The ban of a product hurts the consumer markets especially if the good was used by a lot of people. When vendors smuggle the goods and bring them to the marketplace illegally society benefits because these goods are providing a utility that is needed for the consumers. I believe that US citizens should boycott companies that abuse its workers in less developed countries. The only way for these companies to stop these unethical practices is for the customers to take proactive action to boycott these types of establishments. A full boycott of an item that is offered at much lower prices might hurt consumers that cannot afford to pay higher prices. Due to the different in opinions of customers it would be hard to implement a full boycott. Country A should produce toys, while country B should produce pineapples. Country A must trade toys for pineapples and country B must trade pineapples for toys. In general country A produces less toys or pineapples than country B. Their competitive advantage is in toys because country B can produce more than twice the amount of pineapples than country A. Since country B can produce 900 pineapples per day this country should concentrate on producing pineapples. The competitive advantage of country B in pineapples is 2.25 to

Essay on Correction Techniques Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On Correction Techniques - Essay Example Probation, pardon and parole are some kind of the most common corrective measures implemented by criminal justice system to test the behaviour of the criminals who are sentenced. These mechanisms are normally performed to evaluate the success of the correction measures. This paper evaluates the differences between parole and probation and the extent to which probation is successful in correcting a criminal. Hertfordshire printer Frederic Rainer, a volunteer with the Church of England Temperence Society (CETS), writes to the society of his concern about the lack of help for those who come before the courts. He sends a donation of five shillings (25p) towards a fund for practical rescue work in the police courts. The CETS responds by appointing two "missionaries" to Southwark court with the initial aim of "reclaiming drunkards". This forms the basis of the London Police Courts Mission (LPCM), whose missionaries worked with magistrates to develop a system of releasing offenders on the c ondition that they kept in touch with the missionary and accepted guidance (Timeline: A history of probation) The history of probation started from England as explained above. Probation conditions have been changed or modified periodically based on the feedbacks received from the experiences. Many people do not have awareness about the differences between probation and parole. ... On the other hand, a criminal on probation may have less supervision from the probation officers. Parole and probation are granted based on the Pre-Sentence Investigation report (PSI) prepared by a probation officer. The practice of preparing PSI has started in 1920. â€Å"Its original purpose was to provide information to the court on the defendant’s personal history and criminal conduct in order to promote individualized sentencing† (The History of the Pre-sentence Investigation Report, p.1). This report normally contains the background information of the criminal such as his crime history, crime tendency, family history, juvenile adjudications, description of the crime, the defendant's work history, marital status, financial status, length of residence in the community, educational background, medical history, substance abuse history, etc. Based on these information probation officers decide about the corrective measures needed for the criminal. For example, a crimin al who has the history of series of criminal activities may normally get parole whereas first time criminals may normally get probation. Probation is the most liberal corrective mechanism. A judge can decide about the probation of the criminal after reviewing the nature of the crime and the character of the criminal. Fresh criminals may get probation in most of the cases. â€Å"A violation of probation gives rise to a hearing on whether or not probation should be revoked† (Kaman). If a criminal violates the conditions of probation, the judge or the probation officer has the right to withdraw the probation. In such cases, the criminal may get sentencing. On the other hand, parole is granted at the end of a prison term or in between the

Prior (2004) Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000 Book Analysis

Prior (2004) Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000 Book Analysis Farzan Babaei S5030791 Article name: Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000: Fight for Civic Acceptance and Experiences Beyond the Threshold Article Source: PhD thesis, School of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of New South Wales Article Author and Year: Jason Hugh Prior (2004) Citation: Prior, J. H. (2004). Sydney gay saunas 1967-2000: Fight for civic acceptance and experiences beyond the threshold (Doctoral thesis). School of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia. Introduction and Research Questions Jason Prior is an established researcher particularly in the field of spatial governance and its relation to sexuality, religion, and health and wellbeing. In his PhD thesis titled Sydney Gay Saunas 1967-2000: Fight for Civic Acceptance and Experiences Beyond the Threshold (year), he attempts to shed light on Sydneys gay saunas through two key questions. The first relates to how the gay sauna transitioned from a clandestine operation to a legally recognized and accepted institution considered important within particular environs of the city. The second concerns how the dynamic public domain of the gay sauna contributed to the development of gay culture in the city by fostering the opportunity of collective and individual homosexual expression. Part 1 of Study Methodology and Results In the first part of the study, utilizing his background in urban sociology, planning, and legal geography, Prior draws heavily upon the works of Knopp (1995,1998) and Castells (1983) as a conceptual framework. He uses empirical examination and analysis of documents (including development applications, archival documents, legal records, civic authority records, government gazettes, law reports, records of police raids, government acts, newspaper and magazine articles, and twenty-nine in-depth interviews) as a research methodology, to understand the process of acceptance of gay saunas in Sydneys civic society. Using these data, he traces the history of these establishments from 1967 to 2000. The first gay saunas existed through subterfuge and public charades by disguising themselves from the largely homophobic society as gyms and fitness centres. Through the years that followed, change in legislation which led to the decriminalisation of homosexuality set the stage for the emergence o f the gay sauna into public view and their partial acceptance by civic authorities. Although the emergence of AIDS added a layer of complexity to the process, it led to new alliances between the gay community, medicine and the state government. These alliances played a major role in the eventual acceptance of the gay sauna by civic authorities, judiciary, and citizens as not just social but also sexual institutions. Prior argues that this transformation was possible through the conjunction of greater understanding and acceptance of homosexuality by the general community, the mobilisation of gay activists and the broader radicalism of the 1960s and 70s, and the emergence of enlightened processes by council bureaucracies and the judiciary. Part 2 of Study Methodology and Results Priors background in architecture comes into use in the second part of the study where he examines through an empirical analysis (analysis of the material features of the built form, and twenty-nine in-depth interviews), how the evolving social spaces of Sydneys gay saunas allowed men to develop and experience individual and collective sexual identities and practices. In describing the dynamic nature of these spaces Prior identifies three stages of evolution. The first and most basic/rudimentary stage started with the establishment of the the Bondi Junction Steam Bath, Sydneys first gay sauna. Here the aim was to providing a safe space where men could temporarily escape from the city outside, with a focus on the threshold to protect patrons from the largely homophobic world outside. The second involved the shift of focus from the threshold to the development of the domain, into the creation of a space that was more socially, sexually, and psychology enabling for the expression of hom osexuality. This golden age of the saunas aligned with the gay liberation movement. The last stage focuses on the redesign of the domain into a safe sex venue to cope with the new experience of sexuality that AIDS awareness evoked. These stages involved changes to the physical realm of the saunas, which in turn affected the type of sexual activity that took place. Critical Review/ Contextualization within other works Priors well-structured and comprehensive study fills a gap in the existing literature by adding to the largely unexplored realm of gay bathhouses in the Australian context. In describing the history of these establishments, he continually draws parallels between the United States and Australia which provides readers with a broader perspective, and highlights the uniqueness of this particular context. The first part of the study which deals with the sexualisation of urban space is contextualized within the body of works of Foucault (1990), Castells, and Knopp, while the second part of the study which concerns how designed sexual environments affect sexual practises fits within the works of Brodsky (1993), Rubin (1991), and Tattelman (1999). Priors work also contributes to the broader topic of studies specifically on gay saunas. The latter includes ethnographies particularly in the american context (Weinberg Williams, 1975; Styles, 1979; Chauncey, 1994), the study of saunas from a more architectural perspective where alternate design possibilities and concepts of queer space are explored (Tattelman, 2000; Betsky, 1997), and more recently, studies on AIDS prevention research (Bolton, Vincke, Mak, 1994; Binson Woods, 2003; Lyons, Smith, Grierson, Doussa, 2010). Link to my Research The inter-relation between sexual culture, the built-form, and the social/sexual relations that forms the core of Priors work, is a theme that I want to carry forward and build onto in my research. Specifically, I am interested in looking at how social and sexual relations have changed in the bathhouse due to technologies in the 21st century such as PrEP, internet, and dating apps and how this in turn has affected the physical and social environs of the baths. The main aim of the authors research was to examine the social and political forces which contributed to the acceptance of gay saunas by Sydneys civic society. To answer this research question, he provides an in-depth description of the material (and immaterial) aspects of gay saunas in Sydney from the first gay sauna in 1967 to the year 2000, outlining distinct stages of evolution in the form/use of these structure. This data will form an important benchmark for my research which will explore the possible formation of a new architectural typology in the 21st century. The fact that this study, along with the work of Richters (2007), is one of the few literary works offering a detailed description of Sydneys baths, including floor plans and advertisements in the gay press, makes it the single most important source for my research. References Betsky, A. (1997). Queer Space: Architecture and Same-Sex Desire (1st edition). New York: William Morrow. Binson, D., Woods, W. J. (2003). A Theoretical Approach to Bathhouse Environments. Journal of Homosexuality, 44(3-4), 23-31. Bolton, R., Vincke, J., Mak, R. (1994). Gay Baths Revisited: An Empirical Analysis. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 1(3), 255-273. Brodsky, J. I. (1993). The Mineshaft: A Retrospective Ethnography. Journal of Homosexuality, 24(3-4), 233-252. Castells, M. (1983). The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. London: Edward Arnold. Chauncey, G. (1995). Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 (unknown edition). New York: Basic Books. Foucault, M. (1990). The History of Sexuality, Vol. 1: An Introduction. (R. Hurley, Trans.) (Reissue edition). New York: Vintage. Knopp, L. (1995). Sexuality and Urban Space: A Framework for Analysis. In David Bell and Gill Valentine (Eds.), Mapping Desire: Geographies of Sexualities (pp. 149-161). London and New York: Routledge. Knopp, L. (1998). Sexuality and Urban Space: Gay Male Identity Politics in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. In Ruth Fincher and Jane M. Jacobs (Eds.), Cities of Difference (pp. 149-176). New York: The Guilford Press. Lyons, A., Smith, A. M. A., Grierson, J. W., Doussa, H. von. (2010). Australian mens sexual practices in saunas, sex clubs and other male sex on premises venues. Sexual Health, 7(2), 186-192. Prior, J. H. (2004). Sydney gay saunas 1967-2000: Fight for civic acceptance and experiences beyond the threshold (Doctoral thesis). School of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of New South Wales. Richters, J. (2001). The Social Construction of Sexual Practice: Setting Sexual Culture and the Body in Casual Sex Between Men. University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Rubin, G. (1991). The Catacombs: A Temple of the Butthole. In Mark Thomson (Ed.), Leatherfolk: Radical Sex, People, Politics, and Practice (pp. 119-141). Boston: Alyson Publications. Styles, J. (1979). Outsider/Insider: Researching Gay Baths. Urban Life, 8(2), 135-152. Tattelman, I. (1999). Speaking to the Gay Bathhouse: Communicating in Sexually Charged Spaces. In W. L. Leap (Ed.), Public Sex/ Gay Space (pp. 71-94). New York: Columbia University Press. Tattelman, I. (2000). Presenting a Queer (Bath) House. In J. A. Boone, M. Dupuis, M. Meeker, K. Quimby, C. Sarver, D. Silverman, R. Weatherston, Queer Frontiers: Millennial Geographies, Genders, and Generations (pp. 222-258). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J. (1975). Gay Baths and the Social Organization of Impersonal Sex. Social Problems, 23(2), 124-136.

Time Value of Money and Present Value

Date: 14/11/2012 52. Annuities: You are saving for the college education of your two children. They are two years apart in age; one will begin college 15 years from today and the other will begin 17 years from today. You estimate your children’s college expenses to be $23,000 per year per child, payable at the beginning of each school year. The annual interest rate is 5. 5 percent. How much money must you deposit in account each year to fund your children’s education? Your deposits begin one year from today. You will make your last deposit when your oldest child enters college. Assume four years of collegeSolution: Cost of 1 year at university = 23,000 N=4 I=5. 5% PMT=23,000 CPT PV = 80,618. 45 For the first child the PV = 80,618. 45/ (1. 055) ^14 = $38,097. 81 For the second child the PV = 80,618. 45/ (1. 055) ^16 = $34,229. 07 Therefore the total cost today of your children’s college expense will be the addition of the 2 = $72,326. 88 This is the present value of my annual savings, which are an annuity, so to get the amount I am supposed to save each year would be: PV=72,326. 88 N=15 I=5. 5 CPT PMT = 7,205. 6 57. Calculating Annuity Values: Bilbo Baggins wants to save money to meet three objectives.First, he would like to be able to retire 30 years from now with retirement income of $25,000 per month for 20 years, with the first payment received 30 years and 1 month from now. Second, he would like to purchase a cabin in Rivendell in 10 years at an estimated cost of $350,000. Third, after he passes on at the end of the 20 years of withdrawals, he would like to leave an inheritance of $750,000 to his nephew Frodo. He can afford to save $2,100 per month for the next 10 years. If he can earn an 11 percent EAR before he retires and an 8 percent EAR after he retires, how much will he have to save each month in years 11 through 30? Solution:First we get the FV of the 2,100 savings over 10 years Bilbo Baggins can afford to save $2,100 dollars per month for the next 10 years therefore at 10 years he would have saved: PMT = 2,100 I = 10. 48 / 12 = 0. 873 N = 10 x 12 = 120 CPT FV = $442,201. 15 So after 10 years he would be able to purchase his yacht at the price of $350,000, and he would be left with a balance of $92,201. 15 This $92,201. 15 will be our current PV at year 10. At year 30, the year when Bilbo retires, the $92,201. 15 would become 92,201. 15*(1. 11) ^20 = $620,283. 23 Second we have to find out how much the inheritance of 750,000 would be at year 30: 750,000/1. 8^20= $160,911. 16 Third In order for him to be able to withdraw a sum of 25,000 per month for the next 20 years after his retirement, we should now calculate this annuity’s present value: N= 20 x 12 = 240 I= 7. 72 / 12 = 0. 643 PMT= 25,000 CPT PV = $3,052,135. 26 Adding up the PV’s of the $750,000 and the annuity, we will get $3,213,046. 32 We will subtract the future value at year 30 of the $92,201. 15 ($620,283. 23) which we saved at year 10 from $3,213,046. 32 to get $2,592,763. 09 We are now left with an annuity that pays $2,592,763. 09 at year 30, and a time period of 20 years (yr11-30) To calculate the yearly PMT, we haveFV= $2,592,763. 09 I= 10. 48 / 12 = 0. 873 N= 20 x 12 = 240 CPT PMT = 3,207. 33 Therefore the monthly PMT Bilbo would have to save each month through years 11-30 would be = $3,207. 33 34. Valuing bonds: Mallory Corporation has two different bonds, currently outstanding. Bond M has a face value of $20,000 and matures in twenty years. The bond makes no payments for the first six years, then pays $1,200 every 6 months over the subsequent eight years, and finally pays $1,500 every 6 months over the last years. Bond N also has a face value of $20,000 and a maturity of 20 years; it makes n coupon payments over the life of the bond.If the required return on both these bonds is 10% compounded semiannually, what is the current price of bond M? Of bond N? Solution: The price of a bond is equal to PV of ex pected future cash flows Bond M: Face value 20,000 Present value of 20,000 = 20,000/ (1. 05) ^40 = $2,840. 91 First we need to get the present value of the annuity for the 1,500 semiannual PMTs at year 14 Present Value of Annuity = $13,295 $13,295 becomes $3,391 at year 0 We then get the annuity of the 1,200 semiannual PMTs at year 6, and then at Present Value $13,005 at year 6 with a PV of $7,242 at year 0 The sum of the 3 PV’s gives us the value of the bond ,841 + 3,391 + 7,242 = $13,474 Bond N Face value 20,000 Present value of 20,000 = 20,000/ (1. 05) ^40 = $2,840. 91 38. Non-constant growth: Storico Co. just paid a dividend of aud 3. 5 per share. The company will increase its dividend by 20% next year, and will then reduce its dividend growth rate by 5% per year, until it reaches the industry average of 5% industry average growth, after which the company will keep a constant growth rate forever. If the required return on Storico stock is 13%, what will a share of stock s ell for today? Solution  : D0 = $3. 5 D1= 3. 5*1. 2= $4. 2 D2= 4. 2*1. 15= $4. 3 D3=4. 83*1. 1= $5. 31 D4=5. 31*1. 05= $5. 58 Since the first 4 periods are different we get the PV of each one alone, then as of the 4th year we get the perpetuity of the rest, and sum them up to get the final NPV We now get the PV of each Dividend PV D1 = 4. 2/ (1. 13) = $3. 72 PV D2 = 4. 83/ (1. 13) ^2 = $3. 78 PV D3 = 5. 31/ (1. 13) ^3 = $3. 68 So the PVs of D1+D2+D3 = $11. 18 NPV of perpetuity at constant growth = 5. 58(0. 08) / (1. 13) ^3 = 69. 75 / (1. 13) ^3 = $48. 34 NPV perpetuity + NPV dividends = NPV price of stock today 48. 34 + 11. 18 = $59. 52

How Does Priestley Show That Tension Is at the Heart of the Birling Family?

Priestley presents tension in various ways withing in the Birling family. At the beginning of the play, Priestley creates his tension by changing the colour of the lighting. The start is a ‘low and intimate pink' which could suggest a hidden tension within the family home. After the inspector arrives the lighting changes to a ‘bright, harsh white light' which makes the family look like they are in the spotlight of a police interrogation. This shows that there is tension at the heart of the Birling family as it may be hidden to begin with, certain comments give the reader a small insight to what is hidden and not spoken of.The light of being under interrogation works well as Inspector Goole is there is to accuse them of a crime and then asks them a series of questions to reveal the truth and the all the tension they have hidden. One of the hidden tensions within the Birling family is the fact that Mr. Birling talking about his business with Gerald at the dinner table celeb rating Shelia and Gerald's engagement, ‘Now, Arthur, I don't think you ought to talk business on an occasion like this'.This presents hidden tension because Mrs. Birling doesn't say what she really thinks, which could be that Mr. Birling talks about his business too much. Mr. Birling does not follow instructions for long proving that he cares more about his work than his own family. As any wife would be annoyed with this as they think that it should always be the other way around, Mrs. Birling is the same but knows she will not get anywhere so sighs and leaves him to get on with it.

15 Promising Seasonal Jobs to Apply for this Fall and Winter

15 Promising Seasonal Jobs to Apply for this Fall and Winter Need to make a few extra dollars this season? While there’s always the option to get a gig as Santa’s Little Helper at the mall, there are lots of other options too. Here are 15 promising and interesting seasonal opportunities- all of them temporary and with flexible schedules.1. Election ClerkNeedless to say, it’s a big year for elections. Starting in November, there are lots of jobs for clerks to oversee the election process.2. Family Programs SupervisorLots of families hold events in the holiday season. Get a job as a staff member or event organizer, depending on your skills.3. Fly Casting InstructorHave a fly casting hobby? Turn that hobby into a part-time job teaching what you like best to those who want to know.4. Forms DeveloperForms are always floating around out there. Help make sure they comply with local, state, and federal specifications by helping to compare and mark-up forms needing to be changed.5. HR AdministratorHR departments always need assista nts- even (and sometimes especially) on a part-time or seasonal basis.6. IT Support Center CoordinatorThere are almost always short-term support jobs offered in the fall and winter in IT centers.7. PerformerAgain, many families and companies host events or parties. Many of these will be entertainment. You have a talent or skill you could use to perform at some of these?8. Print Quality Design ArchitectThere are lots of extra holiday print jobs out there. Companies will have opportunities for those qualified to help with the extra work load.9. Production DesignSome companies might need extra help with production design- processing, proofreading, and typesetting, etc.10. Admissions ReaderInstitutions and organizations with admissions processes always need preliminary readers.11. Sales AssociateRetail has its biggest time of the year over the holiday season. There are more shoppers and more opportunities for temporary sales work.12. Christmas Support ElfSanta needs help! If you’ re up for it, don your elf costume and go help the big man out!13. Retail Visual MerchandiserRetail pumps up their game for the holidays. Put your creative/aesthetic mind to work helping them show off their merchandise with a seasonal gig.14. Senior Tax AssociateReliable tax accountants are always in demand, particularly as we round the corner into the new year and inch closer to tax time.15. Ski InstructorLove to ski? Why not make money teaching new skiers to love your hobby too?

And Then There Was None by Agatha Christie essays

And Then There Was None by Agatha Christie essays Have you ever been in a dark, desolate room in complete seclusion from everyone else where you sense a presence nearby, but when you turn around, nobody's there? Have you ever been so afraid that you can't sleep at night? I believe that anyone who is an actual human being can agree with me that, in some way, everyone has felt some kind of fear and excitement due to a scary movie, book, or even reality. After reading this novel by Agatha Christie, And Then There Were None, I can honestly say that there is a book out there that can give me the shivers. Never have I been so afraid of a fictional - based story that I wasn't able to go to sleep that very same night I finished the novel. Not only did the plot of the story keep me on the edge of my seat, but the personalities and the secretiveness of the characters kept me in suspense as well. The novel takes place on Indian Island, a location known for publicity and curiosity, yet nobody knows for sure who owns this piece of land. In the beginning chapters of this book, you become familiar with the ten main characters who are out to spend an eight-day vacation on this secluded island with only a vague invitation with some variety on each one. The descriptions of each character are specified clearly, yet each holds a secret that they wouldn't dare to share with anyone else on the island. When the guests each arrive in their rooms, they find a riddle called "Ten Little Indians" which plays a significant role throughout the book, for this riddle tells the death of ten men on an island (ironic, eh?). By night time, they are all acquainted with each other, until a noise projecting from the wall tells a story about the guests and how they are all charged for a murder they could never be tried for. Now this book might somehow seem like an episode out of a "Clue" mysteryâ₠¬â€œbut did "Clue" ever give you the chills you get on the back of your neck? No, I didn't think so! Suddenly, in the few ...

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Safety and Monitorin Essay

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Safety and Monitorin - Essay Example In fact, it has been shown that MRI images are better for children and patients who were given anesthesia. However, the effects of these drugs vary by age and disease of the patient (Medical Advisory Secretariat, 2003). Figure 1. Keeping still a child in MRI is difficult without anesthesia. Figure courtesy of Asher, J., 2009. Kids’ Brain Development Charted As They Grow Up: First MRI Data Release on Young Children, Brain Chemistry. [online] Available at: Figure 2. Poor MRI image quality can result from movement during the procedure. Figure courtesy of CT Dictionary [online] Available at: Because of the health-related risks associated with MRI, the procedure and associated patient care, especially if anesthesia is opted, should be carefully planned prior to actual imaging. Patient care during the MRI setting includes monitoring, anesthetic care, as well as airway and emergency management (American Society of Anesthesiologists, 2009). ... Sedation also poses greater threat among those at risk of respiratory and cardiac problems or any change in physiologic status, since the sedated patient may get into respiratory depression or hemodynamic imbalance without being able to inform the MRI technologist. In addition, injured or critically ill patients can acquire central nervous system or cardiorespiratory complications once given with anesthesia (Medical Advisory Secretariat, 2003). These risks add onto the health problems that may arise due to the MRI imaging procedure itself. According to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (2009), anesthetic care in MRI involves moderate and deep sedation, monitoring, general anesthesia, and critical care or ventilator support, although minimal sedation or anxiolysis may be given to complete the scan safely and comfortably. Anesthesia in MRI is different from that in the operating rooms, because anesthesia-administering devices and monitoring equipment commonly used in the hospit al may not be functional in an MRI setting. In addition, direct patient observation may be hampered by noise, dark environment and obstructed line of sigh (American Society of Anesthesiologists, 2009). Patient care during MRI is vital, especially during high-risk imaging, which occurs among patients with health-related risks, and when using high-risk equipment or procedures. Health-related risks are present in patients with neonatal status, prematurity, intensive or critical care status, impaired respiratory function, hemodynamic abnormalities, required vasoactive infusion, obesity or peripheral vascular diseases. In addition, changes in levels of sedation, muscle relaxation or respiration that may pose minimal- or moderate-risk patients in high-risk conditions should be

I don't have an exact topic right now Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I don't have an exact topic right now - Essay Example He even mentions one of his top ranking songs if the scale for each has to be chosen. But in as much as this ranking may be, he owes Thunder Road the attention it depicts by the more number of times he listens to it. In his explanation as to the reverence the song is accorded, he insists that the song is more than just mere experiences they yield (Hornby, 16). Will, as he is giving the account of his work on the Lyrical Ballads, especially when he points out to the experience in â€Å"Dead weight† is categorically to mention that in as much as he is going to remark various subjects of life; music can be such captivating and eventually make one wholly submerged into the whole process. This he points out when he says, â€Å"The twins looked like they’d been concocted in some secret lab buried deep in the vanilla heart of America† (Will, 73). Will confirms the sentiments, exemplifying this to Hornby’s account in the context of Thunder Road; music and its powe r to captivate is dictated by the aura with which it is presented. When this treatment is given to a piece of literature, a distinction must emanate from the individual items when subjected to comparisons. These judgments are based on many factors other than just emotions. They have under the scope, spatial scrutiny, time connections, just to mention but a few. Songs can vary in effect and outcome and this basically stems from an artiste’s structuring which in effect influences the listener’s preference for them. Will accounts this in one of the scenarios when he writes, â€Å"†¦one of the guys ran out of the songs and told me they were cutting the sound†¦. It started to happen: all thought and conscious effort dropped away†¦. After three more songs, I could feel myself rising.† (Will, 85). These genres are especially given a variety approach so that they are likable by a wide range of age groups; often brought about by the